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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<!-- Primary Meta Tags -->
<!-- TODO: Replace with your paper title and author names -->
<meta name="title" content="SpCoRAP">
<!-- TODO: Write a compelling 150-160 character description of your research -->
<meta name="description" content="">
<!-- TODO: Add 5-10 relevant keywords for your research area -->
<meta name="keywords" content="Action Planning, Large Language Models, Semantic Mapping, Service Robot, Spatial Concepts">
<!-- TODO: List all authors -->
<meta name="author" content="Shoichi Hasegawa, Yoshinobu Hagiwara, Akira Taniguchi, Lotfi El Hafi, Tadahiro Taniguchi">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow">
<meta name="language" content="English">
<!-- Open Graph / Facebook -->
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your institution or lab name -->
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Emergent Systems Laboratory">
<!-- TODO: Same as paper title above -->
<meta property="og:title" content="Spatial Concepts-Based Prompts With Large Language Models for Robot Action Planning">
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<meta property="og:description" content="">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your actual website URL -->
<meta property="og:url" content="https://emergentsystemlabstudent.github.io/SpCoRAP/">
<!-- TODO: Create a 1200x630px preview image and update path -->
<meta property="og:image" content="">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630">
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="SpCoRAP">
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z">
<meta property="article:author" content="Shoichi Hasegawa">
<meta property="article:section" content="Research">
<!-- <meta property="article:tag" content="KEYWORD1">
<meta property="article:tag" content="KEYWORD2"> -->
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<meta name="twitter:site" content="@YOUR_TWITTER_HANDLE">
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<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@AUTHOR_TWITTER_HANDLE">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Spatial Concepts-Based Prompts With Large Language Models for Robot Action Planning">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="">
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="">
<meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="SpCoRAP">
<!-- Academic/Research Specific -->
<meta name="citation_title" content="Spatial Concepts-Based Prompts With Large Language Models for Robot Action Planning">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Hasegawa, Shoichi">
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2025">
<meta name="citation_conference_title" content="IEEE Access">
<meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11311990">
<!-- Additional SEO -->
<meta name="theme-color" content="#2563eb">
<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2563eb">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default">
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<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://documentcloud.adobe.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your paper title and authors -->
<title>SpCoRAP</title>
<!-- Favicon and App Icons -->
<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="static/images/favicon.ico">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="static/images/favicon.ico">
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<noscript>
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<script defer src="static/js/index.js"></script>
<!-- Structured Data for Academic Papers -->
<script type="application/ld+json">
{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"headline": "PAPER_TITLE",
"description": "BRIEF_DESCRIPTION_OF_YOUR_RESEARCH_CONTRIBUTION_AND_FINDINGS",
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "FIRST_AUTHOR_NAME",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "INSTITUTION_NAME"
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "SECOND_AUTHOR_NAME",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "INSTITUTION_NAME"
}
}
],
"datePublished": "2024-01-01",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "CONFERENCE_OR_JOURNAL_NAME"
},
"url": "https://YOUR_DOMAIN.com/YOUR_PROJECT_PAGE",
"image": "https://YOUR_DOMAIN.com/static/images/social_preview.png",
"keywords": ["KEYWORD1", "KEYWORD2", "KEYWORD3", "machine learning", "computer vision"],
"abstract": "FULL_ABSTRACT_TEXT_HERE",
"citation": "BIBTEX_CITATION_HERE",
"isAccessibleForFree": true,
"license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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}
</script>
<!-- Website/Organization Structured Data -->
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{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Organization",
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"url": "https://YOUR_INSTITUTION_WEBSITE.com",
"logo": "https://YOUR_DOMAIN.com/static/images/favicon.ico",
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"https://github.com/YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME"
]
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</script>
</head>
<body>
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<button class="scroll-to-top" onclick="scrollToTop()" title="Scroll to top" aria-label="Scroll to top">
<i class="fas fa-chevron-up"></i>
</button>
<!-- More Works Dropdown -->
<div class="more-works-container">
<button class="more-works-btn" onclick="toggleMoreWorks()" title="View More Works from Our Lab">
<i class="fas fa-flask"></i>
More Works
<i class="fas fa-chevron-down dropdown-arrow"></i>
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<button class="close-btn" onclick="toggleMoreWorks()">
<i class="fas fa-times"></i>
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</div>
<div class="works-list">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your lab's related works -->
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.16143" class="work-item" target="_blank">
<div class="work-info">
<!-- TODO: Replace with actual paper title -->
<h5>Take That for Me: Multimodal Exophora Resolution with Interactive Questioning for Ambiguous Out-of-View Instructions</h5>
<!-- TODO: Replace with brief description -->
<p>Robust exophora resolution with interactive questioning and sound source localization.</p>
<!-- TODO: Replace with venue and year -->
<span class="work-venue">IEEE RO-MAN 2025</span>
</div>
<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i>
</a>
<!-- TODO: Add more related works or remove extra items -->
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.12754" class="work-item" target="_blank">
<div class="work-info">
<h5>Toward Ownership Understanding of Objects: Active Question Generation with Large Language Model and Probabilistic Generative Model</h5>
<p>Acquisition of object ownership information with LLMs and probabilistic generative models.</p>
<span class="work-venue">AROB-ISBC 2026</span>
</div>
<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i>
</a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.12838" class="work-item" target="_blank">
<div class="work-info">
<h5>Multi-Robot Task Planning for Multi-Object Retrieval Tasks with Distributed On-Site Knowledge via Large Language Models</h5>
<p>LLM-based multi-robot coordination with distributed on-site knowledge toward ambiguous instructions</p>
<span class="work-venue">AROB-ISBC 2026</span>
</div>
<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<main id="main-content">
<section class="hero">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your paper title -->
<h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">Spatial Concepts-Based Prompts <br>With Large Language Models <br>for Robot Action Planning</h1>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your paper authors and their personal links -->
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://scholar.google.co.jp/citations?user=KPxSCJUAAAAJ&hl=ja&oi=ao" target="_blank">Shoichi Hasegawa</a><sup>1,*</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://scholar.google.co.jp/citations?user=Y4qjYvMAAAAJ&hl=ja&oi=ao" target="_blank">Yoshinobu Hagiwara</a><sup>2,1</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://scholar.google.co.jp/citations?user=jtB7J0AAAAAJ&hl=ja&oi=ao" target="_blank">Akira Taniguchi</a><sup>1</sup>,</span>
<br>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://scholar.google.co.jp/citations?user=tsm7qaQAAAAJ&hl=ja&oi=ao" target="_blank">Lotfi El Hafi</a><sup>1</sup>, and</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://scholar.google.co.jp/citations?user=dPOCLQEAAAAJ&hl=ja&oi=ao" target="_blank">Tadahiro Taniguchi</a><sup>3,1</sup></span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your institution and conference/journal info -->
<span class="author-block">
<sup>1</sup>Ritsumeikan Univ.
<sup>2</sup>Soka Univ.
<sup>3</sup>Kyoto Univ.
<br>
<span class="publication-title">IEEE Access</span>
</span>
<!-- TODO: Remove this line if no equal contribution -->
<span class="eql-cntrb"><small><br><sup>*</sup></small>Corresponding Author</span>
</div>
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<div class="publication-links">
<!-- TODO: Update with your arXiv paper ID -->
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11311990" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
</span>
<span>Paper</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- TODO: Add your supplementary material PDF or remove this section -->
<!-- <span class="link-block">
<a href="static/pdfs/supplementary_material.pdf" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
</span>
<span>Supplementary</span>
</a>
</span> -->
<!-- TODO: Replace with your GitHub repository URL -->
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://github.com/EmergentSystemLabStudent/em_spcorap" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fab fa-github"></i>
</span>
<span>Code</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- TODO: Update with your arXiv paper ID -->
<!-- <span class="link-block">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/<ARXIV PAPER ID>" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="ai ai-arxiv"></i>
</span>
<span>arXiv</span>
</a>
</span> -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Teaser video-->
<section class="hero teaser">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="hero-body">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your teaser video -->
<video poster="" id="tree" autoplay controls muted loop height="100%" preload="metadata">
<!-- TODO: Add your video file path here -->
<source src="static/videos/ieee_access_demo_video_spcorap_hasegawa.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
<!-- TODO: Replace with your video description -->
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End teaser video -->
<!-- Paper abstract -->
<section class="section hero is-light">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your paper abstract -->
<p>
Daily life instructions often include contextual cues related not to the object itself, but to its surrounding environment (e.g., objects placed around the target).
Therefore, it is essential for service robots to interpret such surrounding information and translate it into action plans.
Recently, there has been growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to generate actions from instructions.
Among these approaches, some studies explored leveraging semantic maps to better handle environmental context.
However, previous studies face two limitations: 1) semantic maps are limited to object-level data, such as object class and position, and 2) since LLMs refer to semantic maps based on object classes, they cannot utilize the surrounding context, leading to misidentifications.
To address them, we propose an action planning method that integrates the spatial concept model with LLMs.
The spatial concept model categorizes observations and learns the parameters of probabilistic distributions.
It then infers place names and object arrangements using Bayesian inference.
By leveraging inference results as prompts, our method enables context-aware action planning.
In the simulation, we designed object-search tasks using an open vocabulary within a household scenario in Gazebo.
The robot received two types of instructions: 1) instructions that specify the target and its surrounding items, and 2) instructions that specify the target and its location.
Our method achieved a success rate of over 0.8, outperforming baselines.
On the other hand, real-world experiments revealed challenges in providing feedback when manipulation or detection failed.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End paper abstract -->
<!-- Image carousel -->
<section class="hero is-small">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<div id="results-carousel" class="carousel results-carousel">
<div class="item">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your research result images -->
<img src="static/images/research_overview_v6.svg" alt="First research result visualization" loading="lazy"/>
<!-- TODO: Replace with description of this result -->
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Research Overview.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="item">
<!-- Your image here -->
<img src="static/images/proposed_model_v6.svg" alt="Second research result visualization" loading="lazy"/>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Proposed Model: SpCoRAP.
</h2>
</div>
<!-- <div class="item">
<img src="static/images/carousel3.jpg" alt="Third research result visualization" loading="lazy"/>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Third image description.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="static/images/carousel4.jpg" alt="Fourth research result visualization" loading="lazy"/>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Fourth image description.
</h2>
</div> -->
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</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End image carousel -->
<!-- Youtube video -->
<section class="hero is-small is-light">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<!-- Paper video. -->
<h2 class="title is-3">Video Demonstration (Full)</h2>
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<div class="publication-video">
<!-- TODO: Replace with your YouTube video ID -->
<iframe
src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dghVivpb3Ig?autoplay=1&mute=1"
allow="autoplay; encrypted-media"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End youtube video -->
<!-- Video carousel -->
<!-- <section class="hero is-small">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<h2 class="title is-3">Another Carousel</h2>
<div id="results-carousel" class="carousel results-carousel">
<div class="item item-video1">
<video poster="" id="video1" controls muted loop height="100%" preload="metadata">
<source src="static/videos/carousel1.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-video2">
<video poster="" id="video2" controls muted loop height="100%" preload="metadata">
<source src="static/videos/carousel2.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-video3">
<video poster="" id="video3" controls muted loop height="100%" preload="metadata">
<source src="static/videos/carousel3.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section> -->
<!-- End video carousel -->
<!-- Paper poster -->
<!-- <section class="hero is-small is-light">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<h2 class="title">Poster</h2> -->
<!-- TODO: Replace with your poster PDF -->
<!-- <iframe src="static/pdfs/sample.pdf" width="100%" height="550">
</iframe>
</div>
</div>
</section> -->
<!--End paper poster -->
<!--BibTex citation -->
<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
<div class="container is-max-desktop content">
<div class="bibtex-header">
<h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
<button class="copy-bibtex-btn" onclick="copyBibTeX()" title="Copy BibTeX to clipboard">
<i class="fas fa-copy"></i>
<span class="copy-text">Copy</span>
</button>
</div>
<pre id="bibtex-code"><code>@article{hasegawa2025spcorap,
title={{Spatial Concepts-Based Prompts With Large Language Models for Robot Action Planning}},
author={Hasegawa, Shoichi and Hagiwara, Yoshinobu and Taniguchi, Akira and El Hafi, Lotfi and Taniguchi, Tadahiro},
journal={{IEEE Access}},
volume={13},
pages={216937--216955},
year={2025}
}</code></pre>
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