From 1d25a6cbdf499864f093ca8c9acbc246ff14c01b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 23:16:01 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/28] Revise WebAssembly 2025
Enhanced clarity and corrected minor inaccuracies in the text. It is not finalized yet.
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 76 +++++++++++-------------------
1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 012b9845720..ec3c6831c71 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -22,40 +22,21 @@ doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18258991
## Introduction
-WebAssembly is no longer just a "web" technology; it has evolved into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a major milestone with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025, marking significant growth in both browser-based and standalone environments.
+WebAssembly (Wasm) is no longer just a "web" technology; it has evolved into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a major milestone with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025, marking significant growth in both browser-based and standalone environments.
-### The mission
+WebAssembly has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a technical turning point with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025. This version standardizes several advanced features — such as Garbage Collection, 64-bit address space, and Multiple Memories — allowing high-level languages like Java, Kotlin, and Dart to run natively and efficiently in both browser and standalone environments.
-To provide a secure-by-default foundation for running code across any infrastructure—from cloud and edge computing to blockchain and IoT devices. Supported by industry leaders like Google, Microsoft, Fastly, and Intel, Wasm is redefining software portability.
-
-### The ecosystem at a glance
-
-WebAssembly is managed largely by the Bytecode Alliance and CNCF, the ecosystem consists of:
-
-- **Runtimes**: High-performance engines like _Wasmtime_ (server-side) and _WasmEdge_ (cloud-native/edge), alongside native integration in all major browsers.
-- **WASI (WebAssembly System Interface)**: A standardized API (akin to POSIX) that allows modules to securely interact with filesystems and networks.
-- **Component Model**: An emerging standard enabling different languages to interoperate within a single modular application.
-- **Toolchains**: Mature compilers like _Emscripten_ and cargo-component that bridge high-level source code to Wasm bytecode.
-
-In essence, Wasm is moving beyond the browser to provide a secure, high-performance, and portable universal runtime for modern computing.
## Methodology
-We follow [the same methodology from the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#methodology), which is the first edition that included WebAssembly. WebAssembly is compiled into bytecode and distributed as binary format. The findings here infer the source language used in the modules. The accuracy of that analysis is covered in more detail in the respective sections.
+We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#methodology), where WebAssembly was introduced for the first time.
-### Limitations
+**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive Juli 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we identified 233,857 Wasm modules on desktop and 255,060 on mobile.
-- **Data Acquisition & Retrieval** Our analysis relies on the almanac-wasm tool to fetch WASM binaries using parameters from the initial HTTP Archive crawl. However, retrieval depends on third-party server availability; 404/403 errors or resource updates since the initial crawl may occur. We assume the retrieved file is identical to the one present during the original recording.
+**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use the almanac-wasm tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
-- **Source Language Identification** To identify source languages, we utilize the WebAssembly Binary Toolkit (`wasm2wat`) (see [the also MDN guide](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/WebAssembly/Guides/Text_format_to_Wasm)) and Rust-based parsers to analyze imports, exports, and custom sections for compiler metadata and language fingerprints.
+**Limitations:** Our tool `àlmanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
- - **Limitations**: This is not a definitive approach. "Stripped" binaries (using tools like *wasm-strip*) or obfuscated code remove the debug info and metadata required for identification.
- - **Example**: Compilers like TinyGo generate unique structures and WASI imports that often diverge from standard *go_exec.js* patterns, resulting in these binaries being classified as "Unknown".
-
-### Feature detection constraints
-
-- **No Runtime Check:** WebAssembly lacks a built-in instruction for modules to detect host features from within the sandbox; detection is handled by the host environment (for exmaple, JavaScript or Wasmtime).
-- **Compile-time Dependency:** Advanced features like SIMD or Threads are enabled via compiler flags. If the host environment does not support these specific features at instantiation, the binary will fail to load.
## WebAssembly usage
@@ -68,7 +49,7 @@ We follow [the same methodology from the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
)
}}
-We see that 0.35% of desktop sites and 0.28% of mobile sites are using WebAssembly. This is approximately 43,000 sites in our dataset for both, but with a larger dataset for mobile the relative percentage is lower.
+Our analysis shows while WebAssembly's adoption in 2021 0.04% was, we find that in 2025, it has grown to 0.35% on desktop and 0.28% on mobile, representing approximately 43,000 sites for each platform within our dataset.
### Year-on-year trend
@@ -82,13 +63,13 @@ We see that 0.35% of desktop sites and 0.28% of mobile sites are using WebAssemb
)
}}
-Interestingly, looking over previous Web Almanac years, WebAssembly requests have increased drastically from ~0.05% in 2021 to 0.28%/0.35% this year. There was also a slight dip from 2024.
+We find that WebAssembly adoption has grown from 0.04% in 2021, although rates have remained consistent over the last two years. In 2025, we found WebAssembly modules on 0.35% of desktop sites and 0.28% of mobile sites, representing approximately 43,000 sites. Furthermore, mobile adoption was lower than desktop adoption in all observed years, averaging a 30% difference.
### WebAssembly by rank
{{ figure_markup(
image="webassembly-by-rank.png",
- caption="Page Ranking (Group) for Web Assembly 2025",
+ caption="Adoption of WebAssembly by site rank",
description="Bar chart showing distribution of page ranking groups from 1000, 10,000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000 and all on client requests for desktop and mobile",
chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=1476075550&format=interactive",
sql_file="ranking.sql",
@@ -96,38 +77,36 @@ Interestingly, looking over previous Web Almanac years, WebAssembly requests hav
)
}}
-We see a clear "Power Law" in WebAssembly adoption: more popular sites are more likely it is to use Wasm.
-
-Key Insights from the Page Ranking Data:
+We see a strong correlation between site popularity and WebAssembly adoption. Usage is most concentrated among the top 1,000 websites, reaching 2% on desktop and 1.27% on mobile. These top-tier sites frequently host complex applications—such as design tools or heavy media editors—that require the high performance Wasm provides.
-- **Top-Tier Dominance**: Wasm is most prevalent among the top 1,000 sites mobile. These are typically "heavy" applications like Figma, Adobe, or Google Meet that require high performance for complex tasks.
+Adoption rates decrease as site rank declines, following a consistent distribution pattern. For sites outside the top 10 million, adoption is approximately 0.33% for desktop and 0.28% for mobile. While desktop usage remains higher in the top ranking groups, the gap narrows significantly in the long tail, suggesting that for the majority of the web, WebAssembly is deployed as a cross-platform resource rather than being restricted to specific environments.
-- **The "Long Tail" Effect**: While the percentage of adoption drops significantly as you move down there ranks, there is still usage across all ranks.
-
-- **Platform Parity**: There is a very close correlation between desktop and mobile usage across all ranking groups. This confirms that Wasm is being used as a cross-platform solution rather than being restricted to desktop-only environments.
-
-High-ranking sites are more likely to be complex web apps that need Wasm for performance, while lower-ranking sites (like simple blogs or small business pages) have not yet found a massive need for it—though they often use it "silently" via third-party libraries.
## WebAssembly requests
{{ figure_markup(
image="number-of-wasm-requests.png",
- caption="Number of WASM requests",
- description="Bar chart showing total WASM, unique WASM files and unique response by modules with both clients.",
+ caption="Number of Wasm requests",
+ description="Bar chart showing total Wasm, unique Wasm files and unique response by modules with both clients.",
chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=74534440&format=interactive",
sql_file="counts.sql",
sheets_gid="540023407"
)
}}
+
+
+Overall, we recorded 303,496 WebAssembly requests on desktop and 308,971 on mobile. Although more desktop sites utilize WebAssembly, the total volume of requests is slightly higher on mobile.
+
+Furthermore, we identified 157,967 unique URLs on desktop and 165,870 on mobile. To estimate the number of unique binaries, we grouped modules by identical filename and response size. Using this method, we found 87,596 unique Wasm modules on desktop and 84,851 on mobile. These findings indicate that approximately 72% of WebAssembly requests serve duplicate modules, highlighting substantial reuse of libraries across the web.
+
-There are over 300,000 wasm requests in our dataset, which come down to 32,197 unique wasm file requests on desktop and 29,997 on mobile. The large number of requests shows many sites are requesting multiple (hundreds in come cases!) WASM files.
### MIME type
{{ figure_markup(
image="top-mime-types.png",
caption="Top MIME types",
- description="Bar chart showing MimeTypes and Percentage of WASM request with both clients.",
+ description="Bar chart showing MimeTypes and Percentage of Wasm request with both clients.",
chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=1325615855&format=interactive",
sql_file="mime_types.sql",
sheets_gid="1706394885",
@@ -138,7 +117,8 @@ There are over 300,000 wasm requests in our dataset, which come down to 32,197 u
We observed that the MIME type `application/wasm` is used in 293,470 requests on desktop clients and 301,127 requests on mobile clients.
-Some requests lacked a `Content-Type` header, and some had incorrect MIME types, such as `text/html` or `text/plain`. These account for 3.2% and 2.4% of requests, respectively. Compared to 2022, these percentages have dropped significantly, indicating increased awareness in setting the correct MIME type for WASM applications.
+Some requests lacked a `Content-Type` header, and some had incorrect MIME types, such as `text/html` or `text/plain`. These account for 3.2% and 2.4% of requests, respectively. Compared to 2021, these percentages have dropped significantly, indicating increased awareness in setting the correct MIME type for Wasm applications.
+
### Module size
@@ -181,7 +161,7 @@ These WebAssembly modules differ considerably in size, with the smallest being j
## WebAssembly libraries
-Our crawl identified a modest number of modules, it is possible to analyze and learn about the most popular libraries in requests for wasm.
+Our crawl identified a modest number of modules, it is possible to analyze and learn about the most popular libraries in requests for Wasm.
{{ figure_markup(
image="popular-webAssembly-libraries.png",
@@ -197,11 +177,11 @@ Our crawl identified a modest number of modules, it is possible to analyze and l
Let's look a bit more into the top three libraries:
-- **Library : System (43.1%)** is used for fundamental "glue" code and It often includes "system-level" bindings (like those from WASI or Emscripten) that allow a Wasm module to communicate with the host environment (the browser) to handle tasks like memory management or basic I/O. system utilities.
+- **System (43.1%)** is used for fundamental "glue" code and It often includes "system-level" bindings (like those from WASI or Emscripten) that allow a Wasm module to communicate with the host environment (the browser) to handle tasks like memory management or basic I/O. system utilities.
-- **Library : Microsoft (23.2%)** represents the massive footprint of the Microsoft ecosystem on the web, primarily driven by Blazor WebAssembly. Blazor allows developers to build interactive web UIs using C# and .NET instead of JavaScript. The high percentage reflects many enterprise and business applications that have been ported to the web using Microsoft's specialized Wasm runtime for the .NET framework.
+- **Microsoft (23.2%)** represents the massive footprint of the Microsoft ecosystem on the web, primarily driven by Blazor WebAssembly. Blazor allows developers to build interactive web UIs using C# and .NET instead of JavaScript. The high percentage reflects many enterprise and business applications that have been ported to the web using Microsoft's specialized Wasm runtime for the .NET framework.
-- **Library : RXEngine (6.2%)** is a more specialized entry, often associated with high-performance execution engines used for specific industries like gaming or advanced data processing. While more niche than the top two, its 6.2% share indicates it is a popular choice for developers who need a pre-built, optimized engine to handle computationally intensive tasks (such as real-time analytics or complex UI interactions) without building the entire infrastructure from scratch.
+- **RXEngine (6.2%)** is a more specialized entry, often associated with high-performance execution engines used for specific industries like gaming or advanced data processing. While more niche than the top two, its 6.2% share indicates it is a popular choice for developers who need a pre-built, optimized engine to handle computationally intensive tasks (such as real-time analytics or complex UI interactions) without building the entire infrastructure from scratch.
## WebAssembly languages
@@ -209,9 +189,9 @@ WebAssembly can use various languages and using toolchains It can be compiled in
Each WebAssembly has import and or export components, Most WebAssembly toolchains create a small amount of JavaScript code, for the purposes of 'binding', making it easier to integrate components into JavaScript applications. These bindings often have recognisable function names which are present in the components exports or imports, giving a reliable mechanism for identifying the language that was used to author the component.
-If WASM has not used obfuscation and or other techniques that are stripped down while building deliverable then we can use the rust libraries and WebAssembly Binary Toolkit (WABT) to understand the source programming language.
+If Wasm has not used obfuscation and or other techniques that are stripped down while building deliverable then we can use the rust libraries and WebAssembly Binary Toolkit (WABT) to understand the source programming language.
-We enhanced the wasm-stats project and created tool `almanac-wasm` that helps to download wasm file from the 3rd party server with preferred request parameters for example user-agent, compression method etc, validates the downloaded wasm file and with rust library and WABT (wasm2wat), It finds the author's language and populates wasm statistics along with language.
+We enhanced the wasm-stats project and created tool `almanac-wasm` that helps to download wasm file from the 3rd party server with preferred request parameters for example user-agent, compression method etc, validates the downloaded Wasm file and with rust library and WABT (Wasm2wat), It finds the author's language and populates wasm statistics along with language.
For example, [wasm-bindgen](https://crates.io/crates/wasm-bindgen) is a suite of tools that helps to generate high level code Rust-compiled WebAssembly (Wasm) component and JavaScript with name as "wbindgen" so If We import the component from WebAssembly and find "wbindgen" then there is clearly indication that component in WebAssembly was written in Rust language.
From 5403da999b7cf335a9f859a26507b769aae34691 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jan 2026 23:18:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/28] Enhanced unique metrics
Updated date filters and added new metrics for WebAssembly requests.
---
sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql | 19 ++++++++++++-------
1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
diff --git a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
index 4b4f55811a9..7868755a5f6 100644
--- a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
+++ b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@ WITH wasmRequests AS (
page,
root_page,
url,
- REGEXP_EXTRACT(url, r'([^/]+)$') AS filename -- lowercase & extract filename between last `/` and `.` or `?`
+ REGEXP_EXTRACT(url, r'([^/]+)$') AS filename,
+ SAFE_CAST(JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.respBodySize') AS INT64) AS respBodySize
FROM
`httparchive.crawl.requests`
WHERE
- date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND
+ date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01','2023-06-01', '2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND
(
- (date IN ('2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND type = 'wasm') -- wasm type was added in Jan 2024
+ (date IN ('2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND type = 'wasm')
OR
- (date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01') AND (JSON_VALUE(summary.mimeType) = 'application/wasm' OR JSON_VALUE(summary.ext) = 'wasm'))
+ (date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01') AND (JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.mimeType') = 'application/wasm' OR JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.ext') = 'wasm'))
)
),
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ totals AS (
FROM
`httparchive.crawl.requests`
WHERE
- date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2024-06-01', '2025-07-01')
+ date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01','2024-06-01', '2025-07-01')
GROUP BY
date,
client
@@ -37,8 +38,12 @@ totals AS (
SELECT
date,
client,
- COUNT(0) AS total_wasm,
- COUNT(DISTINCT filename) AS unique_wasm,
+ COUNT(0) AS total_wasm_requests,
+ COUNT(DISTINCT filename) AS unique_filenames,
+ -- NEW: Distinct based on full URL
+ COUNT(DISTINCT url) AS unique_urls,
+ -- NEW: Distinct based on Name + Size
+ COUNT(DISTINCT CONCAT(filename, '-', CAST(respBodySize AS STRING))) AS unique_wasm_by_size,
COUNT(DISTINCT root_page) AS sites,
total_sites,
COUNT(DISTINCT root_page) / total_sites AS pct_sites,
From 3737f384f853cef3af5a173d3ccc28acec7814b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 12:15:39 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/28] Final edits
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 64 +++++++++++++-----------------
1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index ec3c6831c71..0f8f6804092 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive Juli 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we identified 233,857 Wasm modules on desktop and 255,060 on mobile.
-**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use the almanac-wasm tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
+**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use the almanac-wasm tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
+
**Limitations:** Our tool `àlmanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
@@ -115,18 +116,11 @@ Furthermore, we identified 157,967 unique URLs on desktop and 165,870 on mobile.
)
}}
-We observed that the MIME type `application/wasm` is used in 293,470 requests on desktop clients and 301,127 requests on mobile clients.
-
-Some requests lacked a `Content-Type` header, and some had incorrect MIME types, such as `text/html` or `text/plain`. These account for 3.2% and 2.4% of requests, respectively. Compared to 2021, these percentages have dropped significantly, indicating increased awareness in setting the correct MIME type for Wasm applications.
+The standard `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and 301,127 mobile requests. Instances of missing or incorrect MIME types (such as `text/html` or `text/plain`) were low, affecting 3.2% of desktop and 2.4% of mobile requests. These represent a significant decline compared to 2021, indicating improved awareness and adherence to proper server configuration.
### Module size
-The smallest WebAssembly modules are likely used for specific functions, such as "Micro-Utility" like _Base64 Encoder/Decoder_ or a _CRC32 Checksum_ utility—These are typically used for performance-critical calculations or polyfills where JavaScript might be too slow or lack the specific precision needed.
-
-Larger modules are probably full applications compiled to WebAssembly. These are massive modules where an entire desktop-grade codebase (often millions of lines of C++ or Rust) is compiled to run in the browser. For example, Adobe Photoshop Web, AutoCAD, and Google Earth. Large modules handle complex image rendering, layer management, and 3D engine calculations directly on the client side browser.
-
-Small modules of WebAssembly often found using AssemblyScript or Rust and Large modules of WebAssembly often found using languages like C++ or C# (.net). You can get more details on the Wasm Language Usage section.
{{ figure_markup(
image="raw-response-sizes.png",
@@ -138,6 +132,13 @@ Small modules of WebAssembly often found using AssemblyScript or Rust and Large
)
}}
+
+
+WebAssembly module sizes vary drastically based on their specific use cases. We observed that the bottom 50% of modules are quite small, ranging between 2 KB and 14 KB. These are typically "micro-utilities" like Base64 encoders or checksum calculators, often written in AssemblyScript or Rust to handle performance-critical tasks where JavaScript lacks precision.
+
+Conversely, at the 90th percentile, sizes increase significantly to 381 KB on desktop and 316 KB on mobile. These larger binaries usually represent full desktop-grade applications ported to the web—such as Adobe Photoshop or Google Earth—compiled from heavier languages like C++ or C# to handle complex 3D rendering and logic.
+
+
{{ figure_markup(
image="uncompressed-response-sizes.png",
caption="Uncompressed response sizes.",
@@ -148,7 +149,9 @@ Small modules of WebAssembly often found using AssemblyScript or Rust and Large
)
}}
-These WebAssembly modules differ considerably in size, with the smallest being just a few kilobytes, and the largest one is 228.102 MB in desktop's client and 166.415 MB for mobile client.
+When examining uncompressed sizes, we observe that while the median module remains lightweight at approximately 30 KB on both platforms, the largest binaries at the 90th percentile are significantly heavier on desktop (897 KB) than on mobile (756 KB).
+
+
{{ figure_markup(
caption="Largest WebAssembly file detected.",
@@ -159,9 +162,11 @@ These WebAssembly modules differ considerably in size, with the smallest being j
)
}}
+Beyond these standard distributions, the dataset contains significant outliers. The largest single WebAssembly module identified measured 228 MB on desktop and 166 MB on mobile, indicating the deployment of large-scale client-side applications.
+
## WebAssembly libraries
-Our crawl identified a modest number of modules, it is possible to analyze and learn about the most popular libraries in requests for Wasm.
+Next, we analyze the import names within WebAssembly binaries to understand the most popular underlying libraries and frameworks in the ecosystem.
{{ figure_markup(
image="popular-webAssembly-libraries.png",
@@ -175,27 +180,14 @@ Our crawl identified a modest number of modules, it is possible to analyze and l
)
}}
-Let's look a bit more into the top three libraries:
-
-- **System (43.1%)** is used for fundamental "glue" code and It often includes "system-level" bindings (like those from WASI or Emscripten) that allow a Wasm module to communicate with the host environment (the browser) to handle tasks like memory management or basic I/O. system utilities.
-
-- **Microsoft (23.2%)** represents the massive footprint of the Microsoft ecosystem on the web, primarily driven by Blazor WebAssembly. Blazor allows developers to build interactive web UIs using C# and .NET instead of JavaScript. The high percentage reflects many enterprise and business applications that have been ported to the web using Microsoft's specialized Wasm runtime for the .NET framework.
-- **RXEngine (6.2%)** is a more specialized entry, often associated with high-performance execution engines used for specific industries like gaming or advanced data processing. While more niche than the top two, its 6.2% share indicates it is a popular choice for developers who need a pre-built, optimized engine to handle computationally intensive tasks (such as real-time analytics or complex UI interactions) without building the entire infrastructure from scratch.
+We find that System (43%), Microsoft (23%), RXEngine (6%), and Dotnet (6%) are the most popular libraries or frameworks used in WebAssembly modules, indicating Microsoft's dominance within this ecosystem, driven specifically by the Dotnet and Blazor frameworks.
## WebAssembly languages
-WebAssembly can use various languages and using toolchains It can be compiled in binary format to server browser and desktop applications. It can carry much of the information in the source (programming language, application structure, variable names).
-
-Each WebAssembly has import and or export components, Most WebAssembly toolchains create a small amount of JavaScript code, for the purposes of 'binding', making it easier to integrate components into JavaScript applications. These bindings often have recognisable function names which are present in the components exports or imports, giving a reliable mechanism for identifying the language that was used to author the component.
-
-If Wasm has not used obfuscation and or other techniques that are stripped down while building deliverable then we can use the rust libraries and WebAssembly Binary Toolkit (WABT) to understand the source programming language.
-We enhanced the wasm-stats project and created tool `almanac-wasm` that helps to download wasm file from the 3rd party server with preferred request parameters for example user-agent, compression method etc, validates the downloaded Wasm file and with rust library and WABT (Wasm2wat), It finds the author's language and populates wasm statistics along with language.
+WebAssembly can be developed using various languages, including C++, C#, and Ruby. With the introduction of Wasm 3.0, the range of supported languages has extended to include examples such as Java, Scala, Kotlin, and Dart. In this section, we provide an overview of the languages used to develop WebAssembly modules.
-For example, [wasm-bindgen](https://crates.io/crates/wasm-bindgen) is a suite of tools that helps to generate high level code Rust-compiled WebAssembly (Wasm) component and JavaScript with name as "wbindgen" so If We import the component from WebAssembly and find "wbindgen" then there is clearly indication that component in WebAssembly was written in Rust language.
-
-Like wise, We have researched and found various language indicators inside WebAssembly's different components with the tool.
{{ figure_markup(
image="language-usage.png",
@@ -209,15 +201,17 @@ Like wise, We have researched and found various language indicators inside WebAs
)
}}
-We have found the .Net / Mono eco system based languages (including Blazor) reserves the first position for the language used in WebAssembly for desktop clients with 40.5% and for mobile clients with 39.8%
+Our tool successfully identified the source languages for 51% of WebAssembly modules. The remaining 41% could not be identified, primarily due to minification or the stripping of metadata.
+
+Among the identified languages, .NET/Mono is the most common, holding a 41% share. Although minified export/import names often obscure the source language, the Emscripten (C++) toolchain uses a distinctive naming convention. This allows us to attribute these modules with confidence, finding that Emscripten accounts for 8% of usage, followed by Scala at 4%.
+
+Together with our findings on library usage, these results underscore the significant dominance of the Microsoft ecosystem within the WebAssembly landscape.
-However 41.1% clients in desktop and 41.6% clients in mobile have language "Unknown" that means We could not find the author's (source) language because of missing language indicators or WebAssembly is stripped with the obfuscation or other techniques; These techniques are used to reduce the size, enable privacy/security features or to optimize the performance of the WebAssembly by the modern compilers.
## WebAssembly features
-The initial release of WebAssembly was considered an Minimal Viable Product (MVP). In common with other web standards, it is continually evolving under the governance of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). This year saw the announcement of the WebAssembly version 2.0, adding a number of new features. The version 3.0 shows the true vision and its potential for WebAssembly. You can explore the various additional features on features page.
+In this section, we analyze the usage of post-MVP (Minimum Viable Product) WebAssembly features. While we acknowledge that the features discussed here are limited and do not cover all the features WebAssembly supports, we believe highlighting the adoption of these features remains important. We encourage readers to contribute to the analysis tool used in this chapter to help track further features in the future.
-Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions are a special class of instructions that exploit data parallelism in applications by simultaneously performing the same operation on multiple data elements. Compute intensive applications like audio/video codecs, image processors, are all examples of applications that take advantage of SIMD instructions to accelerate performance. Most modern architectures support some variants of SIMD instructions.
{{ figure_markup(
image="extensions-usage.png",
@@ -229,14 +223,10 @@ The initial release of WebAssembly was considered an Minimal Viable Product (MVP
)
}}
-SIMD is a new feature and isn't yet available in all browsers with WebAssembly support. In the year 2021, We had found SIMD extension usage in 20 Wasm modules on desktop and 21 Wasm modules on mobile clients, This feature usage is now increased with 2265 Wasm modules on desktop and 2,470 on mobile clients.
-
-Other exciting features include Sign-extension-ops and Non-Trapping float to int.
-
-With respect to the total extension usage in year 2021, It is observed that total extension usage in 2025 drastically ~61 times more on desktop clients and ~80 times more on mobile based clients. To make the usage of very complex tasks, the WebAssembly, We have marked the Bulk Memory stats are increased to 8936 times higher on desktop and 25,512 times higher on mobile clients with respect to year 2021 stats.
+We find that Bulk Memory is the most widely adopted feature, appearing in 187,674 desktop and 204,103 mobile modules. This feature improves performance by allowing efficient copying and initialization of large memory blocks, mirroring the efficiency of the native memcpy function in C. Furthermore, Sign Extension—which provides operators for extending integer values (such as extending an 8-bit integer to 32-bit)—is the second most popular feature, found in 45,969 desktop and 50,394 mobile modules.
## Conclusions
-There is a significant increase in the number of webpages using this technology for serverless, containerization, machine learning components and plug-n-play types of applications. The future of WebAssembly could be as a niche web technology, but as an entirely mainstream runtime on a wide range of other platforms. WebAssembly runtime (multi-language, lightweight, secure) are making it a popular choice for a wider range of non-browser applications for agnostic platforms.
+We observe a significant increase in WebAssembly adoption over the last five years, rising from 0.04% in 2021 to 0.35% in 2025, though growth has stabilized in the last two years. Usage is most prevalent on high-ranking websites and decreases significantly among less popular pages. We find that WebAssembly is currently deployed for two distinct purposes: handling specific utility functions (such as encryption or checksums) and powering full standalone applications. Furthermore, our findings highlight the widespread adoption of Microsoft’s frameworks, indicating their significant role in driving the current WebAssembly ecosystem.
-Despite being a niche technology, WebAssembly is already adding value to the web. There are a number of web applications that benefit greatly from this technology. However, web applications are often not visible to the 'crawl' which forms the basis of this study.
+Considering the significant developments in Wasm specifications and increased interest from the community, we believe the adoption of WebAssembly will further increase in the future.
From 554a236eb2a8017f57c8a7fafde0bcef9552e013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barry Pollard
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 20:21:04 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 04/28] Linting fixes
---
sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql | 8 ++++----
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 10 +++++-----
2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
diff --git a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
index 7868755a5f6..2f1aaac6840 100644
--- a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
+++ b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ WITH wasmRequests AS (
page,
root_page,
url,
- REGEXP_EXTRACT(url, r'([^/]+)$') AS filename,
+ REGEXP_EXTRACT(url, r'([^/]+)$') AS filename,
SAFE_CAST(JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.respBodySize') AS INT64) AS respBodySize
FROM
`httparchive.crawl.requests`
WHERE
- date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01','2023-06-01', '2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND
+ date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01', '2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND
(
(date IN ('2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND type = 'wasm')
OR
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ totals AS (
FROM
`httparchive.crawl.requests`
WHERE
- date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01','2024-06-01', '2025-07-01')
+ date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01', '2024-06-01', '2025-07-01')
GROUP BY
date,
client
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ totals AS (
SELECT
date,
client,
- COUNT(0) AS total_wasm_requests,
+ COUNT(0) AS total_wasm_requests,
COUNT(DISTINCT filename) AS unique_filenames,
-- NEW: Distinct based on full URL
COUNT(DISTINCT url) AS unique_urls,
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 0f8f6804092..9721406ec08 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use the almanac-wasm tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
-**Limitations:** Our tool `àlmanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
+**Limitations:** Our tool `àlmanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
## WebAssembly usage
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
)
}}
-Our analysis shows while WebAssembly's adoption in 2021 0.04% was, we find that in 2025, it has grown to 0.35% on desktop and 0.28% on mobile, representing approximately 43,000 sites for each platform within our dataset.
+Our analysis shows while WebAssembly's adoption in 2021 0.04% was, we find that in 2025, it has grown to 0.35% on desktop and 0.28% on mobile, representing approximately 43,000 sites for each platform within our dataset.
### Year-on-year trend
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Adoption rates decrease as site rank declines, following a consistent distributi
sheets_gid="540023407"
)
}}
-
+
Overall, we recorded 303,496 WebAssembly requests on desktop and 308,971 on mobile. Although more desktop sites utilize WebAssembly, the total volume of requests is slightly higher on mobile.
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ Furthermore, we identified 157,967 unique URLs on desktop and 165,870 on mobile.
)
}}
-The standard `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and 301,127 mobile requests. Instances of missing or incorrect MIME types (such as `text/html` or `text/plain`) were low, affecting 3.2% of desktop and 2.4% of mobile requests. These represent a significant decline compared to 2021, indicating improved awareness and adherence to proper server configuration.
+The standard `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and 301,127 mobile requests. Instances of missing or incorrect MIME types (such as `text/html` or `text/plain`) were low, affecting 3.2% of desktop and 2.4% of mobile requests. These represent a significant decline compared to 2021, indicating improved awareness and adherence to proper server configuration.
### Module size
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ We find that System (43%), Microsoft (23%), RXEngine (6%), and Dotnet (6%) are t
## WebAssembly languages
-WebAssembly can be developed using various languages, including C++, C#, and Ruby. With the introduction of Wasm 3.0, the range of supported languages has extended to include examples such as Java, Scala, Kotlin, and Dart. In this section, we provide an overview of the languages used to develop WebAssembly modules.
+WebAssembly can be developed using various languages, including C++, C#, and Ruby. With the introduction of Wasm 3.0, the range of supported languages has extended to include examples such as Java, Scala, Kotlin, and Dart. In this section, we provide an overview of the languages used to develop WebAssembly modules.
{{ figure_markup(
From 2db07555d0a6ddc420f38808580326c5bd0f4270 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barry Pollard
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 20:22:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/28] SQL JSON_VALUE preference
---
sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql | 4 ++--
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
index 2f1aaac6840..229231d68e6 100644
--- a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
+++ b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ WITH wasmRequests AS (
root_page,
url,
REGEXP_EXTRACT(url, r'([^/]+)$') AS filename,
- SAFE_CAST(JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.respBodySize') AS INT64) AS respBodySize
+ SAFE_CAST(JSON_VALUE(summary.respBodySize) AS INT64) AS respBodySize
FROM
`httparchive.crawl.requests`
WHERE
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ WITH wasmRequests AS (
(
(date IN ('2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND type = 'wasm')
OR
- (date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01') AND (JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.mimeType') = 'application/wasm' OR JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.ext') = 'wasm'))
+ (date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01') AND (JSON_VALUE(summary.mimeType) = 'application/wasm' OR JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.ext') = 'wasm'))
)
),
From 45c892f36c053bc3c9a2f1ce511d8a905cf1592e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barry Pollard
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 20:23:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/28] Restore SQL comment
---
sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql | 4 ++--
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
index 229231d68e6..426ec17a251 100644
--- a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
+++ b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ WITH wasmRequests AS (
page,
root_page,
url,
- REGEXP_EXTRACT(url, r'([^/]+)$') AS filename,
+ REGEXP_EXTRACT(url, r'([^/]+)$') AS filename, -- lowercase & extract filename between last `/` and `.` or `?`
SAFE_CAST(JSON_VALUE(summary.respBodySize) AS INT64) AS respBodySize
FROM
`httparchive.crawl.requests`
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ WITH wasmRequests AS (
(
(date IN ('2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND type = 'wasm')
OR
- (date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01') AND (JSON_VALUE(summary.mimeType) = 'application/wasm' OR JSON_VALUE(summary, '$.ext') = 'wasm'))
+ (date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01') AND (JSON_VALUE(summary.mimeType) = 'application/wasm' OR JSON_VALUE(summary.ext) = 'wasm'))
)
),
From c4b261b58aa118415026e34816f1dfbca0b62658 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barry Pollard
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 20:25:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/28] Another comment
---
sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
index 426ec17a251..604b6f62d9a 100644
--- a/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
+++ b/sql/2025/webassembly/counts.sql
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ WITH wasmRequests AS (
WHERE
date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01', '2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND
(
- (date IN ('2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND type = 'wasm')
+ (date IN ('2024-06-01', '2025-07-01') AND type = 'wasm') -- wasm type was added in Jan 2024
OR
(date IN ('2021-07-01', '2022-06-01', '2023-06-01') AND (JSON_VALUE(summary.mimeType) = 'application/wasm' OR JSON_VALUE(summary.ext) = 'wasm'))
)
From 712e3811d7c7c0f15979a57076e3109288618457 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 15:31:22 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 08/28] Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Barry Pollard
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 20 +++++++++-----------
1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 9721406ec08..c2ee23e8002 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive Juli 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we identified 233,857 Wasm modules on desktop and 255,060 on mobile.
-**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use the almanac-wasm tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
+**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use almanac-wasm a tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
-**Limitations:** Our tool `àlmanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
+**Limitations:** Our tool `almanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
## WebAssembly usage
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
)
}}
-Our analysis shows while WebAssembly's adoption in 2021 0.04% was, we find that in 2025, it has grown to 0.35% on desktop and 0.28% on mobile, representing approximately 43,000 sites for each platform within our dataset.
+Our analysis shows while WebAssembly's [adoption in 2021 was 0.04%](../2021/webassembly#how-many-modules), in 2025 it has grown to 0.35% on desktop and 0.28% on mobile, representing approximately 43,000 sites for each platform within our dataset.
### Year-on-year trend
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ We find that WebAssembly adoption has grown from 0.04% in 2021, although rates h
{{ figure_markup(
image="webassembly-by-rank.png",
- caption="Adoption of WebAssembly by site rank",
+ caption="WebAssembly usage site rank",
description="Bar chart showing distribution of page ranking groups from 1000, 10,000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000 and all on client requests for desktop and mobile",
chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=1476075550&format=interactive",
sql_file="ranking.sql",
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ We find that WebAssembly adoption has grown from 0.04% in 2021, although rates h
We see a strong correlation between site popularity and WebAssembly adoption. Usage is most concentrated among the top 1,000 websites, reaching 2% on desktop and 1.27% on mobile. These top-tier sites frequently host complex applications—such as design tools or heavy media editors—that require the high performance Wasm provides.
-Adoption rates decrease as site rank declines, following a consistent distribution pattern. For sites outside the top 10 million, adoption is approximately 0.33% for desktop and 0.28% for mobile. While desktop usage remains higher in the top ranking groups, the gap narrows significantly in the long tail, suggesting that for the majority of the web, WebAssembly is deployed as a cross-platform resource rather than being restricted to specific environments.
+Adoption rates decrease as site rank declines, following a consistent distribution pattern. For sites outside the top 10 million, adoption is approximately 0.33% for desktop and 0.28% for mobile.
+
+While desktop usage remains higher in the top ranking groups, the gap narrows significantly in the long tail, suggesting that for the majority of the web, WebAssembly is deployed as a cross-platform resource rather than being restricted to specific environments.
## WebAssembly requests
@@ -101,7 +103,6 @@ Overall, we recorded 303,496 WebAssembly requests on desktop and 308,971 on mobi
Furthermore, we identified 157,967 unique URLs on desktop and 165,870 on mobile. To estimate the number of unique binaries, we grouped modules by identical filename and response size. Using this method, we found 87,596 unique Wasm modules on desktop and 84,851 on mobile. These findings indicate that approximately 72% of WebAssembly requests serve duplicate modules, highlighting substantial reuse of libraries across the web.
-
### MIME type
{{ figure_markup(
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ Furthermore, we identified 157,967 unique URLs on desktop and 165,870 on mobile.
)
}}
-The standard `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and 301,127 mobile requests. Instances of missing or incorrect MIME types (such as `text/html` or `text/plain`) were low, affecting 3.2% of desktop and 2.4% of mobile requests. These represent a significant decline compared to 2021, indicating improved awareness and adherence to proper server configuration.
+The `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and 301,127 mobile requests. Instances of missing or incorrect MIME types (such as `text/html` or `text/plain`) were low, affecting 3.2% of desktop and 2.4% of mobile requests. These represent a significant decline compared to 2021, indicating improved awareness and adherence to proper server configuration.
### Module size
@@ -133,12 +134,10 @@ The standard `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and
}}
-
WebAssembly module sizes vary drastically based on their specific use cases. We observed that the bottom 50% of modules are quite small, ranging between 2 KB and 14 KB. These are typically "micro-utilities" like Base64 encoders or checksum calculators, often written in AssemblyScript or Rust to handle performance-critical tasks where JavaScript lacks precision.
Conversely, at the 90th percentile, sizes increase significantly to 381 KB on desktop and 316 KB on mobile. These larger binaries usually represent full desktop-grade applications ported to the web—such as Adobe Photoshop or Google Earth—compiled from heavier languages like C++ or C# to handle complex 3D rendering and logic.
-
{{ figure_markup(
image="uncompressed-response-sizes.png",
caption="Uncompressed response sizes.",
@@ -152,7 +151,6 @@ Conversely, at the 90th percentile, sizes increase significantly to 381 KB on de
When examining uncompressed sizes, we observe that while the median module remains lightweight at approximately 30 KB on both platforms, the largest binaries at the 90th percentile are significantly heavier on desktop (897 KB) than on mobile (756 KB).
-
{{ figure_markup(
caption="Largest WebAssembly file detected.",
content="228 MB",
@@ -227,6 +225,6 @@ We find that Bulk Memory is the most widely adopted feature, appearing in 187,67
## Conclusions
-We observe a significant increase in WebAssembly adoption over the last five years, rising from 0.04% in 2021 to 0.35% in 2025, though growth has stabilized in the last two years. Usage is most prevalent on high-ranking websites and decreases significantly among less popular pages. We find that WebAssembly is currently deployed for two distinct purposes: handling specific utility functions (such as encryption or checksums) and powering full standalone applications. Furthermore, our findings highlight the widespread adoption of Microsoft’s frameworks, indicating their significant role in driving the current WebAssembly ecosystem.
+WebAssembly adoption has significantly increased over the last four years, rising from 0.04% in 2021 to 0.35% in 2025, though growth has stabilized in the last two years. Usage is most prevalent on high-ranking websites and decreases significantly among less popular pages. We find that WebAssembly is currently deployed for two distinct purposes: handling specific utility functions (such as encryption or checksums) and powering full standalone applications. Furthermore, our findings highlight the widespread adoption of Microsoft’s frameworks, indicating their significant role in driving the current WebAssembly ecosystem.
Considering the significant developments in Wasm specifications and increased interest from the community, we believe the adoption of WebAssembly will further increase in the future.
From bf892e5d83dcc27cde16fc796047d069727eee32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 15:32:48 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/28] Further edits
Removed redundant sentence from introduction
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 2 --
1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index c2ee23e8002..87e102697c9 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18258991
## Introduction
-WebAssembly (Wasm) is no longer just a "web" technology; it has evolved into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a major milestone with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025, marking significant growth in both browser-based and standalone environments.
-
WebAssembly has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a technical turning point with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025. This version standardizes several advanced features — such as Garbage Collection, 64-bit address space, and Multiple Memories — allowing high-level languages like Java, Kotlin, and Dart to run natively and efficiently in both browser and standalone environments.
From a548ca1ef0b5b83a9b8d0cbc1a76dbcceded1405 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 15:33:07 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/28] Fix formatting in WebAssembly introduction section
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 87e102697c9..cbedf119e38 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18258991
## Introduction
-WebAssembly has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a technical turning point with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025. This version standardizes several advanced features — such as Garbage Collection, 64-bit address space, and Multiple Memories — allowing high-level languages like Java, Kotlin, and Dart to run natively and efficiently in both browser and standalone environments.
+WebAssembly (Wasm) has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a technical turning point with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025. This version standardizes several advanced features — such as Garbage Collection, 64-bit address space, and Multiple Memories — allowing high-level languages like Java, Kotlin, and Dart to run natively and efficiently in both browser and standalone environments.
## Methodology
From b9f034bb8804b1dcc914786c06d0d6dd20a0a16f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 15:34:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 11/28] Revise WebAssembly data collection statistics
Updated the data collection section to reflect the identification of WebAssembly modules on sites analyzed.
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index cbedf119e38..05d1e80ae81 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ WebAssembly (Wasm) has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-
We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#methodology), where WebAssembly was introduced for the first time.
-**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive Juli 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we identified 233,857 Wasm modules on desktop and 255,060 on mobile.
+**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive Juli 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we found at least one WebAssembly module on 43,000 sites, representing 0.35% of all sites analyzed.
**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use almanac-wasm a tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
From 9b153cf711c4fd446227042c65a3c8c5a932d330 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barry Pollard
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 13:10:05 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/28] Apply suggestions from code review
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 5 ++---
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 05d1e80ae81..0cea74d294a 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18258991
## Introduction
-WebAssembly (Wasm) has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a technical turning point with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025. This version standardizes several advanced features — such as Garbage Collection, 64-bit address space, and Multiple Memories — allowing high-level languages like Java, Kotlin, and Dart to run natively and efficiently in both browser and standalone environments.
+WebAssembly (Wasm) has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-performance, universal bytecode format. Officially a W3C standard since 2019, the ecosystem reached a technical turning point with the release of Wasm Version 3.0 in December 2025. This version standardizes several advanced features—such as Garbage Collection, 64-bit address space, and Multiple Memories—allowing high-level languages like Java, Kotlin, and Dart to run natively and efficiently in both browser and standalone environments.
## Methodology
We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#methodology), where WebAssembly was introduced for the first time.
-**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive Juli 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we found at least one WebAssembly module on 43,000 sites, representing 0.35% of all sites analyzed.
+**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive July 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we found at least one WebAssembly module on 43,000 sites, representing 0.35% of all sites analyzed.
**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use almanac-wasm a tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@ Conversely, at the 90th percentile, sizes increase significantly to 381 KB on de
When examining uncompressed sizes, we observe that while the median module remains lightweight at approximately 30 KB on both platforms, the largest binaries at the 90th percentile are significantly heavier on desktop (897 KB) than on mobile (756 KB).
-
{{ figure_markup(
caption="Largest WebAssembly file detected.",
content="228 MB",
From 6950d2d5c93d08ce349edbbbb7bd6a28f58f8efb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 21:37:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 13/28] Update link for almanac-wasm tool
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 0cea74d294a..46cf7148437 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive July 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we found at least one WebAssembly module on 43,000 sites, representing 0.35% of all sites analyzed.
-**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use almanac-wasm a tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
+**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use almanac-wasm a tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
**Limitations:** Our tool `almanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
From 65f11bc88da8db6a341802e4283b628a7ebec88a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 21:49:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 14/28] Update WebAssembly usage statistics
Removed figure markup for WebAssembly usage statistics and updated the text to reflect the current adoption rates.
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 11 +----------
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 10 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 46cf7148437..25d26c7068b 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -39,16 +39,7 @@ We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#m
## WebAssembly usage
-{{ figure_markup(
- caption="Desktop sites using WebAssembly.",
- content="0.35%",
- classes="big-number",
- sheets_gid="540023407",
- sql_file="counts.sql"
- )
-}}
-
-Our analysis shows while WebAssembly's [adoption in 2021 was 0.04%](../2021/webassembly#how-many-modules), in 2025 it has grown to 0.35% on desktop and 0.28% on mobile, representing approximately 43,000 sites for each platform within our dataset.
+In this section, we present our results on the usage of WebAssembly on the web.
### Year-on-year trend
From 8776217a8d497eecc6d8c87814b00a9111ac9964 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nurullah Demir <13475745+nrllh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Feb 2026 15:05:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 15/28] Update WebAssembly libraries popularity statement
Removed mention of Microsoft's dominance in WebAssembly ecosystem.
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index 25d26c7068b..bb3d46bdefe 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Next, we analyze the import names within WebAssembly binaries to understand the
}}
-We find that System (43%), Microsoft (23%), RXEngine (6%), and Dotnet (6%) are the most popular libraries or frameworks used in WebAssembly modules, indicating Microsoft's dominance within this ecosystem, driven specifically by the Dotnet and Blazor frameworks.
+We find that System (43%), Microsoft (23%), RXEngine (6%), and Dotnet (6%) are the most popular libraries or frameworks used in WebAssembly modules.
## WebAssembly languages
From 82ae9141b9ccf8849efa8273518c2411e3b3526e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nimesh Vadgama - VN <38841604+nimeshgit@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 13:18:08 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 16/28] Revise WebAssembly chapter with updated statistics and
tools
As per the pull request (#4401), enhanced compression methods, data collection and analysis methods, revised statistics on WebAssembly module sizes and usage. Improved clarity on language usage and library dominance in WebAssembly + other minor edits as suggested.
---
src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++---------
1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
index bb3d46bdefe..cf80b733a87 100644
--- a/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
+++ b/src/content/en/2025/webassembly.md
@@ -29,13 +29,23 @@ WebAssembly (Wasm) has evolved from a web-centric optimization tool into a high-
We follow the same methodology from [the 2021 Web Almanac](../2021/webassembly#methodology), where WebAssembly was introduced for the first time.
-**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive July 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery. to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we found at least one WebAssembly module on 43,000 sites, representing 0.35% of all sites analyzed.
+**Data Collection:** This chapter relies on this dataset provided by HTTP Archive July 2025 crawl data which is hosted on Google BigQuery to identify WebAssembly modules by matching the `Content-Type` (`application/wasm`) and the `.wasm` file extension. Using this method, we found at least one WebAssembly module on 43,000 sites, representing 0.35% of all sites analyzed.
-**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use almanac-wasm a tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
+**Analysis:** In addition to the HTTP Archive dataset, we use almanac-wasm-stats a tool to download and validate the WebAssembly modules identified from the HTTP Archive for local analysis. This tool extracts metadata from these downloaded files, allowing us to identify programming languages, libraries, and specific features used within the Wasm modules.
-**Limitations:** Our tool `almanac-wasm` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
+- **Limitations:** Our tool `almanac-wasm-stats` focuses on static analysis of Wasm modules and does not execute them. Therefore, we cannot capture dynamic behaviors or runtime features that may be present during actual execution in a browser or standalone environment. Additionally, some Wasm modules may be obfuscated or minified, which can limit our ability to accurately identify their characteristics.
+We have enhanced ([wasm-stats](https://github.com/HTTPArchive/wasm-stats)) and implemented below features in almanac-wasm-stats that helps in language usage analysis.
+ 1. It can take inputs in **url and respective user-agent strings** that improves download task.
+ 2. Accept huge number of input in the format of **BigQuery's JSONL result**.
+ 3. **Validate Wasm** and provide insights with Binary Toolkit that helps to improve stats (ref. wasm2wat)
+ 4. **Run and Trace tasks activities concurrently** i.e. wasm file downloading, validating and populating stats.
+ 5. **Enhances language identifiers** for old rust implimentation
+ ([wasm-stats](https://github.com/HTTPArchive/wasm-stats)) and added new languages : Scala, Dotnet/Mono, Go & TinyGo, TeaVM based languages, Kotlin; This reduces the language usage : "Unknown" numbers
+ and improves language stats.
+ 6. Produce **full Wasm language usage stats** along with validation and download failures.
+ 7. Tool's **plug-n-play architecture** that helps to introduce new stats with WebAssembly Toolkit / SDK in JSON existing stats format for future enhancements.
## WebAssembly usage
@@ -89,7 +99,7 @@ While desktop usage remains higher in the top ranking groups, the gap narrows si
Overall, we recorded 303,496 WebAssembly requests on desktop and 308,971 on mobile. Although more desktop sites utilize WebAssembly, the total volume of requests is slightly higher on mobile.
-Furthermore, we identified 157,967 unique URLs on desktop and 165,870 on mobile. To estimate the number of unique binaries, we grouped modules by identical filename and response size. Using this method, we found 87,596 unique Wasm modules on desktop and 84,851 on mobile. These findings indicate that approximately 72% of WebAssembly requests serve duplicate modules, highlighting substantial reuse of libraries across the web.
+Furthermore, we identified 157,967 unique URLs on desktop and 165,870 on mobile. To estimate the number of unique binaries, we grouped modules by identical filename and response size. Using this method, we found 87,596 unique Wasm modules on desktop and 84,851 on mobile. These findings indicate that by name approximately 72% of WebAssembly requests serve duplicate modules, highlighting substantial reuse of libraries across the web.
### MIME type
@@ -111,6 +121,9 @@ The `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and 301,127 m
### Module size
+WebAssembly module sizes vary drastically based on their specific use cases. We observed that the bottom 50% of modules are quite small, ranging between 2 KB and 14 KB. These are typically "micro-utilities" like Base64 encoders or checksum calculators, often written in AssemblyScript or Rust to handle performance-critical tasks where JavaScript lacks precision.
+
+Conversely, at the 90th percentile, sizes increase significantly to 381 KB on desktop and 316 KB on mobile. These larger binaries usually represent full desktop-grade applications ported to the web—such as Adobe Photoshop or Google Earth—compiled from heavier languages like C++ or C# to handle complex 3D rendering and logic.
{{ figure_markup(
image="raw-response-sizes.png",
@@ -122,33 +135,53 @@ The `application/wasm` MIME type was identified in 293,470 desktop and 301,127 m
)
}}
+The above chart shows the size of response body size, It is often called as "raw response size" that measures only the raw, often decoded -- the data payload that client received. It represents the size of the resource itself. However as per the research and common practices for Wasm deliverables, Wasm modules are compressed and optimized with various tools like [Brotli](https://github.com/google/brotli) and also transfered over network to the client with compression methods like gzip, br, zstd along with Content-Encoding headers.
-WebAssembly module sizes vary drastically based on their specific use cases. We observed that the bottom 50% of modules are quite small, ranging between 2 KB and 14 KB. These are typically "micro-utilities" like Base64 encoders or checksum calculators, often written in AssemblyScript or Rust to handle performance-critical tasks where JavaScript lacks precision.
-
-Conversely, at the 90th percentile, sizes increase significantly to 381 KB on desktop and 316 KB on mobile. These larger binaries usually represent full desktop-grade applications ported to the web—such as Adobe Photoshop or Google Earth—compiled from heavier languages like C++ or C# to handle complex 3D rendering and logic.
+{{ figure_markup(
+ image="compression-methods-desktop-client.png",
+ caption="Compression methods used for desktop clients",
+ description="Pie chart shows compression methods br, gzip and zstd along with couple of records for aws_chunked, It shows Wasm are widely transfer with 'br' compressed method covers 78.1%, gzip compression method 17.9% and zstd compression method covers 3.9% for desktop clients",
+ chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=1275607668&format=interactive",
+ sql_file="compression_methods.sql",
+ sheets_gid="241152503"
+ )
+}}
{{ figure_markup(
- image="uncompressed-response-sizes.png",
- caption="Uncompressed response sizes.",
- description="Bar chart showing the uncompressed response sizes for WebAssembly (Wasm) modules, showing a significant divergence between platforms at higher percentiles. While modules at the 10th, 25th, and 50th percentiles remain small and nearly identical across devices—ranging from 5 KB to 31 KB—the gap widens considerably for the largest files. At the 90th percentile, desktop modules reach 897 KB compared to 756 KB on mobile.",
- chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=1570587851&format=interactive",
- sql_file="module_sizes.sql",
+ image="compression-methods-desktop-client.png",
+ caption="Compression methods used for mobile clients",
+ description="Pie chart shows compression methods br, gzip and zstd along with couple of records for aws_chunked, It shows Wasm are widely transfer with 'br' compressed method covers 80.1%, gzip compression method 17.9% and zstd compression method covers 3.9% for mobile clients",
+ chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=1994486126&format=interactive",
+ sql_file="compression_methods.sql",
sheets_gid="241152503"
)
}}
-When examining uncompressed sizes, we observe that while the median module remains lightweight at approximately 30 KB on both platforms, the largest binaries at the 90th percentile are significantly heavier on desktop (897 KB) than on mobile (756 KB).
+Interestingly, If we see [performance benchmarks](https://facebook.github.io/zstd/#benchmarks)" activities by various communities from past couple of years, the compression methods 'br' and 'zstd' usage awareness are increasing and it shows continuous evolution and adoption by the developers and by the cdn providers.
+
+{{ figure_markup(
+ caption="Largest WebAssembly file (desktop) detected.",
+ content="233.6 MB",
+ classes="big-number",
+ sheets_gid="241152503",
+ sql_file="module_sizes.sql"
+ )
+}}
{{ figure_markup(
- caption="Largest WebAssembly file detected.",
- content="228 MB",
+ caption="Largest WebAssembly file (mobile) detected.",
+ content="170.4 MB",
classes="big-number",
sheets_gid="241152503",
sql_file="module_sizes.sql"
)
}}
-Beyond these standard distributions, the dataset contains significant outliers. The largest single WebAssembly module identified measured 228 MB on desktop and 166 MB on mobile, indicating the deployment of large-scale client-side applications.
+Beyond these standard distributions, the dataset contains significant outliers. The largest single WebAssembly module identified measured 233.6 MB on desktop and 170.4 MB on mobile, indicating the deployment of large-scale client-side applications.
+
+Interestingly If we think about JS deliverables are in MB size often but Wasm deliverables are in quit smaller size this is because JS is the human readable, high level source code, while bytecode is a low level, intermediate representation of the code that is machine agnostic.
+
+we know the modern JS engines, such as Google's V8, convert JS source code into bytecode internally as part of the execution process; this shows the bytecode's efficiency compare to JS' in small size.
## WebAssembly libraries
@@ -166,19 +199,18 @@ Next, we analyze the import names within WebAssembly binaries to understand the
)
}}
+We find that System (43%), Microsoft (23%), RXEngine (6%), and Dotnet (6%) are the most popular libraries or frameworks used in WebAssembly modules, indicating Microsoft's dominance within this ecosystem, driven specifically by the Dotnet and Blazor frameworks.
-We find that System (43%), Microsoft (23%), RXEngine (6%), and Dotnet (6%) are the most popular libraries or frameworks used in WebAssembly modules.
+Microsoft has various WebAssembly libraries and framework for functionality of System utilities, Identity, Networking, Storage, Json and many more for reusable libraries. By combining those libraries and framework(s), Microsoft eco system for WebAssembly covers 78.8% and 79.3% respectively for desktop and mobile client.
## WebAssembly languages
-
WebAssembly can be developed using various languages, including C++, C#, and Ruby. With the introduction of Wasm 3.0, the range of supported languages has extended to include examples such as Java, Scala, Kotlin, and Dart. In this section, we provide an overview of the languages used to develop WebAssembly modules.
-
{{ figure_markup(
image="language-usage.png",
caption="WebAssembly language usage.",
- description="Unknow (41.1% on desktop and 41.6% on mobile),.Net Mono based language (39.8% and 40.5%), LikelyEmscripten (6.9% and 6.1%), Scala (3.91% and 3.9%), Blazor (4.5% and 3.3%), Rust (1.5% and 2.4%), Rust (1.48% and 2.41%), AssemblyScript (1.27% and 1.3%), Emscripten (0.87% and 0.78%), Go/TinyGo (0.09 and 0.08%) and TeaVM based language (0.04% and 0.1%)",
+ description="Unknow (40.5% on desktop and 45.5% on mobile),.Net Mono based language (36.8% and 35.2%), LikelyEmscripten (8.8% and 6.7%), Scala (3.6% and 3.4%), Blazor (4.9% and 3.5%), Rust (1.5% and 2.2%), AssemblyScript (2.4% and 2.3%), Emscripten (1.3% and 1.1%), Go/TinyGo (~0.1 and ~0.1%) and TeaVM based language (~0.1% and ~0.1%)",
chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSXX1UpspK3gNeMVyApXrSYk42_Wmeh9RVpGarOFbs9EVbuU8wDyQh72Mu9PckmNat2wRqfP4kVAOki/pubchart?oid=1492105065&format=interactive",
sql_file="language_usage.sql",
sheets_gid="101432539",
@@ -187,18 +219,16 @@ WebAssembly can be developed using various languages, including C++, C#, and Rub
)
}}
-Our tool successfully identified the source languages for 51% of WebAssembly modules. The remaining 41% could not be identified, primarily due to minification or the stripping of metadata.
+Our tool successfully identified the source languages for 64.3% of WebAssembly modules on desktop and 72.8% on mobile. The remaining (35.7% and 27.2%) could not be identified, primarily due to minification(the stripping of metadata), webassembly validation or download failures.
-Among the identified languages, .NET/Mono is the most common, holding a 41% share. Although minified export/import names often obscure the source language, the Emscripten (C++) toolchain uses a distinctive naming convention. This allows us to attribute these modules with confidence, finding that Emscripten accounts for 8% of usage, followed by Scala at 4%.
+Among the identified languages, .NET/Mono + Blazor is the most common, holding a 41.7% share on desktop and 38.7% share on mobile. Although minified export/import names often obscure the source language, the Emscripten (C++) toolchain uses a distinctive naming convention. This allows us to attribute these modules with confidence, finding that Emscripten accounts for 10.1% of usage on desktop and 7.8% of usage on mobile, followed by Scala at 3.6%(on desktop) and 3.4%(on mobile) usage.
Together with our findings on library usage, these results underscore the significant dominance of the Microsoft ecosystem within the WebAssembly landscape.
-
## WebAssembly features
In this section, we analyze the usage of post-MVP (Minimum Viable Product) WebAssembly features. While we acknowledge that the features discussed here are limited and do not cover all the features WebAssembly supports, we believe highlighting the adoption of these features remains important. We encourage readers to contribute to the analysis tool used in this chapter to help track further features in the future.
-
{{ figure_markup(
image="extensions-usage.png",
caption="Post-MVP extensions usage.",
From 617ad95bcffa2412b088f37278262734b7cfe26f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nimesh Vadgama - VN <38841604+nimeshgit@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 13:30:42 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 17/28] Delete
src/static/images/2025/webassembly/language-usage.png
revise language usage that counts duplicates in percentage
---
.../images/2025/webassembly/language-usage.png | Bin 22633 -> 0 bytes
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 src/static/images/2025/webassembly/language-usage.png
diff --git a/src/static/images/2025/webassembly/language-usage.png b/src/static/images/2025/webassembly/language-usage.png
deleted file mode 100644
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From 71741502b2051d14908d53ee0eed325b98e41f64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nimesh Vadgama - VN <38841604+nimeshgit@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 13:35:10 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 18/28] added compression methods + updated language usage
we have updated compression methods for both clients desktop and mobile + updated language usage chart with duplicate records counts percentage stats.
---
.../compression-methods-desktop-client.png | Bin 0 -> 293306 bytes
.../compression-methods-mobile-client.png | Bin 0 -> 291949 bytes
.../images/2025/webassembly/language-usage.png | Bin 0 -> 406920 bytes
3 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 src/static/images/2025/webassembly/compression-methods-desktop-client.png
create mode 100644 src/static/images/2025/webassembly/compression-methods-mobile-client.png
create mode 100644 src/static/images/2025/webassembly/language-usage.png
diff --git a/src/static/images/2025/webassembly/compression-methods-desktop-client.png b/src/static/images/2025/webassembly/compression-methods-desktop-client.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48186bc317323efe898ce9e3a5db65f58bb954da
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