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geom:line— Connect points in order (typically by x). Time series, trends. The #1 most needed geom after point/bar/histogram/box-plot. ggplot2:geom_line() -
geom:area— Filled region between line and baseline. Stacked time series, cumulative distributions. ggplot2:geom_area() -
geom:smooth— Regression/loess line with confidence band. Trend overlays on scatter plots. ggplot2:geom_smooth() -
geom:hline/geom:vline— Reference lines at a fixed value. Thresholds, means, targets. ggplot2:geom_hline()/geom_vline() -
geom:text— Text annotations positioned by data. Labeling individual points. ggplot2:geom_text()/geom_label() -
geom:errorbar— Vertical error bars (CI, SE, SD). Any plot showing uncertainty. ggplot2:geom_errorbar()
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geom:density— Smoothed kernel density estimate. Distribution visualization alternative to histogram. ggplot2:geom_density() -
geom:violin— Density + box plot hybrid. Comparing distributions across groups with shape detail. ggplot2:geom_violin() -
geom:heatmap— Color-coded matrix / 2D binning. Correlation matrices, temporal patterns, gene expression. ggplot2:geom_tile()/geom_raster() -
geom:step— Step function (piecewise constant). Interest rates, pricing tiers, survival curves. ggplot2:geom_step()Note: also available via(line ... :interpolate :step). -
geom:jitter— Scatter with random displacement to reduce overplotting. Categorical × quantitative relationships with many ties. ggplot2:geom_jitter() -
geom:ribbon— Filled band between two y-values. Confidence bands, prediction intervals. ggplot2:geom_ribbon()
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geom:contour— Contour lines for 2D density. Topographic-style visualization of bivariate distributions. ggplot2:geom_contour() -
geom:hex— Hexagonal binning for large datasets. Scatter plots with millions of points. ggplot2:geom_hex() -
geom:segment— Line segment between two points. Arrows, connections, slope graphs. ggplot2:geom_segment() -
geom:path— Connect points in data order (not x order). Trajectories, phase plots. ggplot2:geom_path() -
geom:polygon— Arbitrary filled shapes. Custom regions, convex hulls. ggplot2:geom_polygon() -
geom:rug— Marginal tick marks on axes. Show data density along margins of scatter plots. ggplot2:geom_rug() -
geom:geo— Geographic/map shapes. Choropleth maps, spatial data. ggplot2:geom_sf()<