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R语言从入门到放弃 (3). 绘图
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Part 3 of «R语言从入门到放弃»
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<div id="toc"><ul><li><a class="toc-href" href="#configurationsparameters" title="configurations/parameters">configurations/parameters</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#high-levelming-ling-plot" title="high level命令: plot">high level命令: plot</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#low-levelming-ling" title="low level命令">low level命令</a><ul><li><a class="toc-href" href="#points" title="points">points</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#lines" title="lines">lines</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#abline" title="abline">abline</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#rug" title="rug">rug</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#lengend" title="lengend">lengend</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#example" title="example">example</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
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<p>R关于绘图应该可以写很多, 不过这里只列举在compstat这门课里最经常用的几个函数. 关于R的绘图, 详细了解可以运行 <code>demo(graphics)</code>或者 <code>example("plot")</code>.</p>
<p>R里面的绘图命令分为两类: 一类是"high-level"的"创建新图片"命令, 运行以后会新画一个图; 另一类则是"low-level"的命令, 不会创建新图片, 而只会在当前图片中修改添加(例如添加线条, 添加点等). 下面分别简单介绍, 最后再介绍其他一些绘图配置的命令. </p>
<h1 id="configurationsparameters">configurations/parameters</h1>
<p>介绍一下常用的参数意义, 以及画图的配置. 详细文档见<code>?par</code>. 这些参数可以放在绘图命令中. </p>
<ul>
<li><code>par(mfrow=c(1,2))</code>: 这个命令是设定画图的布局, 把放置图片的区域分为一行两列, 第一个plot的图片在左边, 第二个在右边. </li>
<li><code>col</code>: 设定画图(线段/点)的颜色, 可以用数字(col=1, 2, ...)也可以用英文(col="red", "gray", "blue"等)</li>
<li><code>lty</code>: 设定线段类型, 例如lty=1为实线, lty=2为虚线</li>
<li><code>pch</code>: 设定点的类型(pch="point character")</li>
<li><code>cex</code>: 似乎是设定文字大小的, 一般设置cex=0.6</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="high-levelming-ling-plot">high level命令: plot</h1>
<p>创建新图片的命令主要就是plot这个函数 (其他还有如<code>hist</code>, <code>contour</code>, <code>boxplot</code>, 不太常用, 看文档应该能会用). </p>
<p><code>plot</code>的内容或者为一系列x和y坐标, 或者为一个formula(见plot.formula). : </p>
<ul>
<li><code>type</code>: 指定画线(<code>type="l"</code>)或者画点(<code>type="p"</code>, 默认值). </li>
</ul>
<p>当type="l"的时候, 可以设定<code>lty</code>参数, type="p"则可以设定<code>pch</code>参数. </p>
<p>当<code>type="n"</code>的时候表示不画任何东西 — 然后可以用后面介绍的low level命令往里面添加东西. </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>main</code>: 设定图片的标题</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>xlab</code>/<code>ylab</code>: x/y轴的文字</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>xlim/ylim</code>: 设定x/y轴的范围, 例如: <code>xlim=c(0,10)</code>. </p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>这个参数比较重要, 如果想要根据数据来动态调整的话, 可以使用extendrange函数, 它返回比数据range稍大一点的range: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> extendrange(1:10)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 0.55 10.45</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>一个plot的例子: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">plot(x, y, type="l", lty=2, </span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> xlab="x axis label", ylab="y=10sin(x)+x", </span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> main="sample plot", </span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> xlim=c(-1, 101), ylim=extendrange(y) )</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/Rnotes-3-plot/pasted_image001.png"/></p>
<h1 id="low-levelming-ling">low level命令</h1>
<h3 id="points">points</h3>
<p><code>points(x, y)</code></p>
<p>添加(多个)点, 这些点的坐标在x和y中. <br/>
此时可以用<code>pch</code>参数指定点的类型.</p>
<h3 id="lines">lines</h3>
<p><code>lines(x, y)</code></p>
<p>添加多条线段, 这些线段依次经过一系列的点, 而点的xy坐标放在x和y中.<br/>
此时可以设定<code>lty</code>指定线段类型. </p>
<h3 id="abline">abline</h3>
<p>这个函数作用是添加一条直线, 可以传入<code>lty</code>参数. </p>
<p>abline有多种用法: </p>
<ul>
<li><code>abline(a=a, b=b)</code>: 指定斜率和截距(y=ax+b)</li>
<li><code>abline(h=y0)</code>/<code>abline(v=x0)</code>: 画水平/垂直的线</li>
<li><code>abline(reg=lm_fit)</code>: reg为有coeff的对象(如一个线性fit), 画出fitted line</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="rug">rug</h3>
<p><code>rug(x)</code>的作用是在x轴添加小线段, 位置为参数<code>x</code>.</p>
<h3 id="lengend">lengend</h3>
<p>添加图例, 直接看例子:</p>
<p><code>legend("topleft", c("data", "fitted"), lty=1:2)</code></p>
<p>这样在左上角(其他可选项见文档)添加图例, 文字"data"对应lty=1的数据, "fitted"对应lty=2的. </p>
<h3 id="example">example</h3>
<p>下面是一个low level绘图例子(在前一个图基础上添加各种东西): </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="n">newpts.x</span> <span class="o"><-</span> <span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">40</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">50</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="n">newpts.y</span> <span class="o"><-</span> <span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">40</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">70</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">80</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nf">points</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpts.x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">newpts.y</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'x'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nf">lines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpts.x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">newpts.y</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"red"</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nf">abline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"gray"</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nf">abline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"blue"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="n">fit</span> <span class="o"><-</span> <span class="nf">lm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">~</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># fit to linear model</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nf">abline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nf">legend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"topleft"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"data"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"linear fit"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"lines example"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"vertical line"</span><span class="p">),</span> </span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">lty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">rep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"black"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">"blue"</span><span class="p">))</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/Rnotes-3-plot/pasted_image002.png"/></p>
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