diff --git a/biolearn/model.py b/biolearn/model.py
index 9f60cb4..e4edf3a 100644
--- a/biolearn/model.py
+++ b/biolearn/model.py
@@ -1492,6 +1492,7 @@ def no_transform(_):
     def predict(self, geo_data):
         matrix_data = self._get_data_matrix(geo_data)
         matrix_data = self.preprocess(matrix_data)
+        self._validate_required_features(matrix_data)
         matrix_data.loc["intercept"] = 1
 
         # Join the coefficients and dnam_data on the index
@@ -1513,14 +1514,42 @@ def predict(self, geo_data):
         # Return as a DataFrame
         return result.apply(self.transform).to_frame(name="Predicted")
 
+    def _validate_required_features(self, matrix_data):
+        return
+
     def _get_data_matrix(self, geo_data):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
 class LinearMethylationModel(LinearModel):
+    _MISSING_CPG_PREVIEW_LIMIT = 5
+
     def _get_data_matrix(self, geo_data):
         return geo_data.dnam
 
+    def _validate_required_features(self, matrix_data):
+        required_cpgs = self.methylation_sites()
+        missing_cpgs = sorted(set(required_cpgs) - set(matrix_data.index))
+        if not missing_cpgs:
+            return
+
+        model_name = self.details.get("name")
+        model_label = f" for model '{model_name}'" if model_name else ""
+        preview_limit = self._MISSING_CPG_PREVIEW_LIMIT
+        preview = ", ".join(missing_cpgs[:preview_limit])
+        remaining = len(missing_cpgs) - preview_limit
+        if remaining > 0:
+            preview = (
+                f"showing first {preview_limit}: {preview} (+{remaining} more)"
+            )
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Missing required CpG sites"
+            f"{model_label} ({len(missing_cpgs)}/{len(required_cpgs)}): "
+            f"{preview}. "
+            "Provide methylation data with these CpGs or use an imputation method that includes them."
+        )
+
     def methylation_sites(self):
         unique_vars = set(self.coefficients.index) - {"intercept"}
         return list(unique_vars)
diff --git a/biolearn/test/test_model.py b/biolearn/test/test_model.py
index 0fbf3db..df4fbb5 100644
--- a/biolearn/test/test_model.py
+++ b/biolearn/test/test_model.py
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 TOLERANCES = defaultdict(lambda: 1e-5)
 # AltumAge: TF→Torch port can differ ~1e-4 across platforms/versions.
 TOLERANCES["AltumAge"] = 2e-4
+# MiAge: iterative algorithm can drift ~3e-5 across Python/platform versions.
+TOLERANCES["MiAge"] = 5e-5
 
 sample_inputs = load_test_data_file("testset/testset_methylation_part0.csv")
 
@@ -50,6 +52,18 @@ def test_models(model_name, model_entry):
     # Instantiate the model
     test_model = model_class.from_definition(model_entry)
 
+    if model_type == "LinearMethylationModel":
+        required_cpgs = test_model.methylation_sites()
+        missing_cpgs = sorted(set(required_cpgs) - set(test_data.dnam.index))
+        if missing_cpgs:
+            missing_preview = missing_cpgs[0]
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ValueError,
+                match=rf"Missing required CpG sites.*{missing_preview}",
+            ):
+                test_model.predict(test_data)
+            return
+
     actual_results = test_model.predict(test_data).sort_index()
 
     # Load the expected results