git notes

installing

git-scm.com

for windows

see book Pro Git ch. 1

also book.git-scm.com

creating a repo

1. make your own

create new folder
navigate to that folder in terminal
git init
test with: git status

2. git clone

Step 1. navigate in terminal to parent directory of where you'd like the cloned repo/working copy

Step 2. e.g., git clone git://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate

or, can clone into a new directory: git clone git://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate myhtml5b
or, git clone git@git.tti.tamu.edu:wp-theme-texastaqpa.git taqpa

to recall where the main repo was, where you first cloned from:

git remote show origin or git remote -v for less verbose display

adding and committing

from @dcousineau

check changes with git status and git diff
w/git there is a separate git add step before the commit even if it's not a new file. This is to add it to the "staging area"
- e.g., git add css/style.css
then, after git status, you'll see the status prompt change from "Changes not staged for commit" (before the add) to "Changes to be committed" (after the add)

make all the changes to files you want, but they won't be committed until they're added first
can do git add . to add/stage all the files you've just revised
for new files, do git add twice (first to track, then to add to staging area)
git add . adds all new files and changed files, but keeps files that you've deleted
git add -A adds everything, including deletions Most people use git add . but git add -A can be safer (from here)
to add AND commit in one command (i.e., to automatically stage everything): git commit -am "adding and committing at the same command"
- NOTE: for file modifications, not for new files and file deletes etc. They need an additional git add <newfile(s)>
- can commit individual files, just add name after: $ git commit filename -m "message"

git diff :

use to show differences b/t a previous commit
- e.g., $ git diff b82f660775690b6fb8cabd948e1ee9c6f7e5f7b8
- the long number is the SHA1 hash, a unique no. automatically assigned for every commit
git diff --staged (just see the staged items)
to show (wrap) all of the lines, -S while in the pager environment
for only showing diffs in one file: git diff <filename>
for color highlighting, git diff --color-words <filename>

the staging area

a solution to the "tangled working copy problem"
to put files in staging area for the next commit, just: $ git add <file or directory>

unstaging

use: git reset HEAD <file> (git displays this reminder on git status)

undoing a commit: `reset`

Github article: How to undo almost anything with git

git reset … moves the HEAD pointer; 3 options:

--soft does not change staging index or working directory, just sets the HEAD to match the designated commit
--mixed default; changes staging index to match repo; working directory not changed
--hard destructive; makes staging index and working dir match the repository. It resets everything back to a commit you designate.

examples:

use: git reset --hard HEAD~1 from here
e.g., the last three commits would be HEAD, HEAD^ (or HEAD~1), and HEAD~2 (or HEAD^^) (note tildes between HEAD and numerals). Can also use the SHA numbers of the commits.

reflog

shows everywhere the repo has been. Shows the history regardless of which branch you're on and what merges you've done. Then you can use git reset ...

reverting a commit

used to record some new commits to reverse the effect of some earlier commits
requires clean working tree

git revert HEAD~3 reverts the changes specified by the fourth last commit in HEAD and creates a new commit with the reverted changes

amending a commit

can only amend the most recent commit (the one HEAD points to)

git add the change to be amended to the previous commit
git commit --amend -m "(same message)"

git commit --amend -m "new message" to change the previous commit's message

undoing changes in working directory

git checkout -- filename.txt (include -- to make sure we're not checking out a branch by that name)

undoing a merge

git merge --abort

patches

adds parts (called "hunks") of files
$ git add -p (then it gives you options on which to add)
excellent explanation on CSS Tricks

( image from Brent Shepard's pres from WordCamp Chicago 2014: Develop Very Mild Super Powers with Git )

checking and reviewing

git diff (see above)
git status
git log
- git log --stat ( list of files changed and a summary; use ":q" to exit ); or
- git log --stat -3 show last three commits only
- git log -p -1 see the diffs of the last commit
- to search the log: git log -g --grep="search terms" or with ack: git log --oneline | ack "search terms"
- git log <filename> shows commits involving that file; add -p to see the diffs: git log -p <filename>
- git log --graph

branching and merging

a branch is copy of the state of a repository at any commit
see this article
and @dousineau's slides

to see available branches:

git branch

to switch to another existing branch:

git checkout master

to create a branch

git checkout -b mark-css which is shorthand for:

git branch mark-css
git checkout mark-css

to delete a branch

git branch -d nav-css

to delete branch from github

git push origin --delete branchname

to merge a branch with the current one

git merge branchname

to undo that merge:

git merge --abort

put the branch name in your command prompt

from better-explained; like: m-coppock@tti-mbp:stfe(utilitynav)$

in your ~/.bash_profile ( must be before the line beginning with export PS1=... ):

parse_git_branch() {
	git branch 2> /dev/null | sed -e '/^[^*]/d' -e 's/* \(.*\)/(\1)/'
}

then, near the end of the line beginning with export PS1=..., add this before the $:

$(parse_git_branch)

e.g.,

export PS1="\[\033[36m\]\u\[\033[m\]@\[\033[32m\]\h:\[\033[33;1m\]\W\[\033[m\]\$(parse_git_branch)$ "

tagging

the basics

to establish "official" releases / version numbers. Can be used for auto-updating WordPress themes and plugins
See the Semantic Versioning document (though not of course with private repos or enterprise Github installs like github.tamu.edu)

to create a tag: git tag v0.1.0

with annotation: git tag -a v1.4 -m 'my version 1.4'

to show previous tags: git tag

to push to origin (separate from pushing branches): git push origin v0.1.0

pushing multiple tags at once: git push origin --tags

pulling tags: git pull origin --tags

notes for using with WP themes/plugins

IMPORTANT:

keep the tag and the style.css / pluginname.php version number in sync
push the changes with version number first, then the tag

git stash

stashing work temporarily

git stash save "work in progress for foo feature"

after editing/merging/whatever

git stash apply

.gitignore

e.g.,

.DS_Store
*.zip
*.gz
log/*.log
log/*.log.[0-9]

add the .gitignore file to git just like any other file

git push

first add
then, commit (see above)
then push
- git push [alias] [branch]
- to gitlab; e.g.: git push origin footer

git pull

retrieves a branch from github/gitlab and merges it with your current branch (combines git fetch and git merge without letting you see what will happen beforehand)

git pull git@git.tti.tamu:wp-theme-osrs.git master
or, git pull origin master

differences between git pull and git fetch

git rebase

see here; and comments

removing files

removing files untracked by git:

git clean -fd

careful; it'll nuke .gitignore too
from objectliteral

removing tracked files:

git rm filename
git rm -rf directoryname

to remove from git but not delete the file/directory:

git rm --cached filename
git rm --cached -r directoryname

show files tracked by git

git ls-tree --full-tree -r HEAD

submodules

like repos within repos

subtree

deleting a submodule

if you find you inadvertantly have a submodule in your repo:

git rm --cached lib/metaboxes ( lib/metaboxes contained the submodule [another repo] )

if you get an error like: fatal: pathspec 'lib/metaboxes/' did not match any files; remove the trailing slash

forking (github)

fork the repo with the supplied link
clone the forked repo to your local install
to allow the forked clone to update with the original: git remote add upstream <originalrepoaddress> (from here; check with git remote -v)
to sync with the original repo (from here):
- git fetch upstream
- git checkout master
- git merge upstream/master
- if you like, push your changes to your forked repo

config

~/.gitconfig

sample contents

[user]
name = Sam Spade
email = sam@spadeandarcher.com

[alias]
st = status
ci = commit
co = checkout
br = branch
ol = log --pretty=oneline
la = log --pretty=\"format:%ad %h (%an): %s\" --date=short

(last two from better-explained)

and…from bash-it

permissions issues with repos and the .git directory

when multiple developers are working in the same repo (dev server e.g.):

chmod -R g+swX . (entire directory, recursive)

chmod -R g+swX .git (the .git directory)

auto completion

from lynda.com

(Already included in GitBash for Windows)

in your home directory:

curl -OL https://github.com/git/git/raw/master/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash

mv git-completion.bash .git-completion.bash

in ~/.bash_profile:

if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then
	source ~/.git-completion.bash
fi

from other online sources

from a list apart:

Git is really a change tracker rather than a version tracker
O'Reilly video
Pro Git online creative commons book

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