diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9153b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Gradle
+.gradle/
+build/
+app/build/
+
+# IDE
+.classpath
+.project
+.settings/
+.idea/
+*.iml
+
+# OS
+.DS_Store
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/algorithms/Primes.java b/app/src/main/java/algorithms/Primes.java
index bfa903e..106c75b 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/algorithms/Primes.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/algorithms/Primes.java
@@ -45,13 +45,14 @@ public static int SumPrimes(int n) {
   public static Vector<Integer> PrimeFactors(int n) {
     Vector<Integer> ret = new Vector<Integer>();
 
-    for (int i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) { // Optimized loop condition
-      while (n % i == 0 && IsPrime(i)) { // Optimized to handle repeated factors
+    // No need to check IsPrime - i is already a factor
+    for (int i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
+      while (n % i == 0) {
         ret.add(i);
-        n /= i; // Reduce n to avoid redundant checks.
+        n /= i;
       }
     }
-    if (n > 1) { // Add any remaining prime factor.
+    if (n > 1) {
         ret.add(n);
     }
     return ret;
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/control/Double.java b/app/src/main/java/control/Double.java
index cc5cf15..8447100 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/control/Double.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/control/Double.java
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package control;
 
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
 public class Double {
   /**
    * Sums all values squared from 0 to n
@@ -8,13 +10,10 @@ public class Double {
    * @return The sum of the first n natural numbers squared.
    */
   public static int sumSquare(int n) {
+    // Simplified: sum of i^2 from 0 to n-1
     int sum = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-        if (i == j) {
-          sum = sum + i * j;
-        }
-      }
+      sum += i * i;
     }
     return sum;
   }
@@ -26,11 +25,11 @@ public static int sumSquare(int n) {
    * @return The sum of the first n triangular numbers.
    */
   public static int sumTriangle(int n) {
+    // Triangular number T(i) = i*(i-1)/2
+    // Sum of T(1) to T(n) can be calculated efficiently
     int sum = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < n + 1; i++) {
-      for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-        sum = sum + j;
-      }
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+      sum += i * (i - 1) / 2;
     }
     return sum;
   }
@@ -44,19 +43,19 @@ public static int sumTriangle(int n) {
    * @return The number of pairs in the array.
    */
   public static int countPairs(int[] arr) {
+    // Use HashMap to count occurrences in O(n) time
+    HashMap<Integer, Integer> counts = new HashMap<>();
+    for (int num : arr) {
+      counts.put(num, counts.getOrDefault(num, 0) + 1);
+    }
+    
     int count = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
-      int nDuplicates = 0;
-      for (int j = 0; j < arr.length; j++) {
-        if (arr[i] == arr[j]) {
-          nDuplicates++;
-        }
-      }
-      if (nDuplicates == 2) {
+    for (int occurrences : counts.values()) {
+      if (occurrences == 2) {
         count++;
       }
     }
-    return count / 2;
+    return count;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -68,12 +67,12 @@ public static int countPairs(int[] arr) {
    *         equal.
    */
   public static int countDuplicates(int[] arr0, int[] arr1) {
+    // Single pass comparison - no nested loop needed
     int count = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < arr0.length; i++) {
-      for (int j = 0; j < arr1.length; j++) {
-        if (i == j && arr0[i] == arr1[j]) {
-          count++;
-        }
+    int minLength = Math.min(arr0.length, arr1.length);
+    for (int i = 0; i < minLength; i++) {
+      if (arr0[i] == arr1[i]) {
+        count++;
       }
     }
     return count;
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/control/Single.java b/app/src/main/java/control/Single.java
index 8fefbb8..9b86f12 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/control/Single.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/control/Single.java
@@ -11,15 +11,8 @@ public class Single {
    * @return The sum of the first n natural numbers.
    */
   public static int sumRange(int n) {
-    int[] arr = new int[n];
-    int sum = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      arr[i] = i;
-    }
-    for (int i : arr) {
-      sum += i;
-    }
-    return sum;
+    // Use arithmetic formula: sum of 0 to n-1 = n*(n-1)/2
+    return n * (n - 1) / 2;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -45,13 +38,11 @@ public static int maxArray(int[] arr) {
    * @param m The modulus.
    */
   public static int sumModulus(int n, int m) {
-    Vector<Integer> multiples = new Vector<Integer>();
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      if (i % m == 0) {
-        multiples.add(i);
-      }
+    // Calculate sum directly without storing all multiples
+    int sum = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i += m) {
+      sum += i;
     }
-
-    return multiples.stream().mapToInt(Integer::valueOf).sum();
+    return sum;
   }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/datastructures/DsVector.java b/app/src/main/java/datastructures/DsVector.java
index 75f17ed..2364743 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/datastructures/DsVector.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/datastructures/DsVector.java
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package datastructures;
 
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Vector;
 
 public class DsVector {
@@ -40,16 +41,8 @@ public static Vector<Integer> searchVector(Vector<Integer> v, int n) {
    */
   public static Vector<Integer> sortVector(Vector<Integer> v) {
     Vector<Integer> ret = new Vector<Integer>(v);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < ret.size(); i++) {
-      for (int j = 0; j < ret.size() - 1; j++) {
-        if (ret.get(j) > ret.get(j + 1)) {
-          int temp = ret.get(j);
-          ret.set(j, ret.get(j + 1));
-          ret.set(j + 1, temp);
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    // Use efficient built-in sort instead of bubble sort
+    Collections.sort(ret);
     return ret;
   }
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/strings/Strops.java b/app/src/main/java/strings/Strops.java
index be86f28..becaf60 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/strings/Strops.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/strings/Strops.java
@@ -8,11 +8,8 @@ public class Strops {
    * @return The reversed string.
    */
   public String reverse(String str) {
-    StringBuilder reversed = new StringBuilder();
-    for (int i = str.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-      reversed.append(str.charAt(i));
-    }
-    return reversed.toString();
+    // Use StringBuilder's built-in reverse method
+    return new StringBuilder(str).reverse().toString();
   }
 
   /**