CEED · jeremylt · May 5, 2025 · May 6, 2025 · May 6, 2025 · May 6, 2025
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-test-with-style.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-test-with-style.yml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
   test:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-24.04]
+        os: [ubuntu-24.04, macos-15]
         compiler: [clang]
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}

diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ noether-cpu:
     - cd .. && export NEK5K_VERSION=Nek5000-19.0 && { [[ -d $NEK5K_VERSION ]] || { git clone --depth 1 --branch v19.0 https://github.com/Nek5000/Nek5000.git $NEK5K_VERSION && cd $NEK5K_VERSION/tools && ./maketools genbox genmap reatore2 && cd ../..; }; } && export NEK5K_DIR=$PWD/$NEK5K_VERSION && export PATH=$NEK5K_DIR/bin:$PATH MPI=0 && cd libCEED
     - echo "-------------- Nek5000 -------------" && git -C $NEK5K_DIR describe --tags
     - export NPROC_POOL=1
-    - make -k -j$NPROC_CPU BACKENDS="$BACKENDS_CPU" JUNIT_BATCH="cpu" junit search=nek NEK5K_DIR=$NEK5K_DIR
+    - make -B -k -j$NPROC_CPU BACKENDS="$BACKENDS_CPU" JUNIT_BATCH="cpu" junit search=nek NEK5K_DIR=$NEK5K_DIR
     # -- deal.II 8bd5c262f13e15793aa206b6eed8774a9b25ce11
     - BACKENDS_CPU=$(make info-backends-all | grep -o '/cpu[^ ]*' | tr '\n' ' ')
     - export DEAL_II_ROOT_DIR=/projects/dealii DEAL_II_DIR=/projects/dealii/install
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ noether-cuda:
     - cd .. && export NEK5K_VERSION=Nek5000-19.0 && { [[ -d $NEK5K_VERSION ]] || { git clone --depth 1 --branch v19.0 https://github.com/Nek5000/Nek5000.git $NEK5K_VERSION && cd $NEK5K_VERSION/tools && ./maketools genbox genmap reatore2 && cd ../..; }; } && export NEK5K_DIR=$PWD/$NEK5K_VERSION && export PATH=$NEK5K_DIR/bin:$PATH MPI=0 && cd libCEED
     - echo "-------------- Nek5000 -------------" && git -C $NEK5K_DIR describe --tags
     - export NPROC_POOL=1
-    - make -k -j$NPROC_GPU BACKENDS="$BACKENDS_GPU" JUNIT_BATCH="cuda" junit search=nek NEK5K_DIR=$NEK5K_DIR
+    - make -B -k -j$NPROC_GPU BACKENDS="$BACKENDS_GPU" JUNIT_BATCH="cuda" junit search=nek NEK5K_DIR=$NEK5K_DIR
     # -- deal.II 8bd5c262f13e15793aa206b6eed8774a9b25ce11
     - export DEAL_II_ROOT_DIR=/projects/dealii DEAL_II_DIR=/projects/dealii/install
     - echo "-------------- deal.II -------------" && git -C $DEAL_II_ROOT_DIR -c safe.directory=$DEAL_II_ROOT_DIR describe --always

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ quiet ?= $($(1))
 .PRECIOUS: %/.DIR
 
 
+DARWIN := $(filter Darwin,$(shell uname -s))
+
+
 # ------------------------------------------------------------
 # Root directories for backend dependencies
 # ------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ ifeq (,$(filter-out undefined default,$(origin AR)))
   AR = ar
 endif
 ifeq (,$(filter-out undefined default,$(origin ARFLAGS)))
-  ARFLAGS = crD
+  ARFLAGS = $(if $(DARWIN),cr,crD)
 endif
 NVCC ?= $(CUDA_DIR)/bin/nvcc
 NVCC_CXX ?= $(CXX)
@@ -222,7 +225,6 @@ MFLAGS := -j $(NPROCS) --warn-undefined-variables \
 PYTHON ?= python3
 PROVE ?= prove
 PROVE_OPTS ?= -j $(NPROCS)
-DARWIN := $(filter Darwin,$(shell uname -s))
 SO_EXT := $(if $(DARWIN),dylib,so)
 
 ceed.pc := $(LIBDIR)/pkgconfig/ceed.pc
@@ -486,9 +488,10 @@ MEMCHK_STATUS   = Disabled
 MEMCHK         := $(shell echo "$(HASH)include <valgrind/memcheck.h>" | $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) -E - >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo 1)
 MEMCHK_BACKENDS = /cpu/self/memcheck/serial /cpu/self/memcheck/blocked
 ifeq ($(MEMCHK),1)
-  MEMCHK_STATUS = Enabled
-  libceed.c += $(ceedmemcheck.c)
+  MEMCHK_STATUS  = Enabled
+  libceed.c     += $(ceedmemcheck.c)
   BACKENDS_MAKE += $(MEMCHK_BACKENDS)
+  CFLAGS        += "-DCEED_USE_MEMCHECK"
 endif
 
 # AVX Backeds
@@ -497,9 +500,10 @@ AVX_FLAG    := $(if $(filter clang,$(CC_VENDOR)),+avx,-mavx)
 AVX         := $(filter $(AVX_FLAG),$(shell $(CC) $(CFLAGS:-M%=) -v -E -x c /dev/null 2>&1))
 AVX_BACKENDS = /cpu/self/avx/serial /cpu/self/avx/blocked
 ifneq ($(AVX),)
-  AVX_STATUS = Enabled
-  libceed.c += $(avx.c)
+  AVX_STATUS     = Enabled
+  libceed.c     += $(avx.c)
   BACKENDS_MAKE += $(AVX_BACKENDS)
+  CFLAGS        += "-DCEED_USE_AVX"
 endif
 
 # Collect list of libraries and paths for use in linking and pkg-config
@@ -522,10 +526,11 @@ ifneq ($(wildcard $(XSMM_DIR)/lib/libxsmm.*),)
     endif
     BLAS_LIB ?= $(MKL_LINK) -Wl,--push-state,--no-as-needed -lmkl_intel_lp64 -lmkl_sequential -lmkl_core -lpthread -lm -ldl -Wl,--pop-state
   endif
-  PKG_LIBS += $(BLAS_LIB)
+  PKG_LIBS  += $(BLAS_LIB)
   libceed.c += $(xsmm.c)
   $(xsmm.c:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(xsmm.c:%=%.tidy) : CPPFLAGS += -I$(XSMM_DIR)/include
   BACKENDS_MAKE += $(XSMM_BACKENDS)
+  CFLAGS        += "-DCEED_USE_XSMM"
 endif
 
 # CUDA Backends
@@ -537,14 +542,15 @@ CUDA_LIB_DIR_STUBS := $(CUDA_LIB_DIR)/stubs
 CUDA_BACKENDS = /gpu/cuda/ref /gpu/cuda/shared /gpu/cuda/gen
 ifneq ($(CUDA_LIB_DIR),)
   $(libceeds) : CPPFLAGS += -I$(CUDA_DIR)/include
-  PKG_LIBS += -L$(abspath $(CUDA_LIB_DIR)) -lcudart -lnvrtc -lcuda -lcublas
+  PKG_LIBS       += -L$(abspath $(CUDA_LIB_DIR)) -lcudart -lnvrtc -lcuda -lcublas
   PKG_STUBS_LIBS += -L$(CUDA_LIB_DIR_STUBS)
   LIBCEED_CONTAINS_CXX = 1
   libceed.c     += interface/ceed-cuda.c
   libceed.c     += $(cuda-all.c)
   libceed.cpp   += $(cuda-all.cpp)
   libceed.cu    += $(cuda-all.cu)
   BACKENDS_MAKE += $(CUDA_BACKENDS)
+  CFLAGS        += "-DCEED_USE_CUDA"
 endif
 
 # HIP Backends
@@ -563,6 +569,7 @@ ifneq ($(HIP_LIB_DIR),)
   libceed.cpp   += $(hip-all.cpp)
   libceed.hip   += $(hip-all.hip)
   BACKENDS_MAKE += $(HIP_BACKENDS)
+  CFLAGS        += "-DCEED_USE_HIP"
 endif
 
 # SYCL Backends
@@ -576,6 +583,7 @@ ifneq ($(SYCL_LIB_DIR),)
   LIBCEED_CONTAINS_CXX = 1
   libceed.sycl  += $(sycl-core.cpp) $(sycl-ref.cpp) $(sycl-shared.cpp) $(sycl-gen.cpp)
   BACKENDS_MAKE += $(SYCL_BACKENDS)
+  CFLAGS        += "-DCEED_USE_SYCL"
 endif
 
 # MAGMA Backends
@@ -612,6 +620,7 @@ ifneq ($(wildcard $(MAGMA_DIR)/lib/libmagma.*),)
   endif
   LIBCEED_CONTAINS_CXX = 1
   BACKENDS_MAKE += $(MAGMA_BACKENDS)
+  CFLAGS        += "-DCEED_USE_MAGMA"
 endif
 
 BACKENDS ?= $(BACKENDS_MAKE)
@@ -645,17 +654,16 @@ endif
 # Building core library components
 # ------------------------------------------------------------
 
-# File names *-weak.c contain weak symbol definitions, which must be listed last
-# when creating shared or static libraries.
-weak_last = $(filter-out %-weak.o,$(1)) $(filter %-weak.o,$(1))
+FORCE:
+$(OBJDIR)/backends/ceed-backend-register.o: FORCE
 
 libceed.o = $(libceed.c:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(libceed.cpp:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(libceed.cu:%.cu=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(libceed.hip:%.hip.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(libceed.sycl:%.sycl.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.o)
 $(filter %fortran.o,$(libceed.o)) : CPPFLAGS += $(if $(filter 1,$(UNDERSCORE)),-DUNDERSCORE)
 $(libceed.o): | info-backends
-$(libceed.so) : $(call weak_last,$(libceed.o)) | $$(@D)/.DIR
+$(libceed.so) : $(libceed.o) | $$(@D)/.DIR
 	$(call quiet,LINK) $(LDFLAGS) $(CEED_LDFLAGS) -shared -o $@ $^ $(CEED_LDLIBS) $(LDLIBS)
 
-$(libceed.a) : $(call weak_last,$(libceed.o)) | $$(@D)/.DIR
+$(libceed.a) : $(libceed.o) | $$(@D)/.DIR
 	$(call quiet,AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $^
 
 $(OBJDIR)/%.o : $(CURDIR)/%.c | $$(@D)/.DIR

diff --git a/backends/avx/ceed-avx-blocked.c b/backends/avx/ceed-avx-blocked.c
@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "../ceed-backend-init.h"
 #include "ceed-avx.h"
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Backend Init
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-static int CeedInit_Avx(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
+CEED_INTERN int CeedInit_Avx_Blocked(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
   Ceed ceed_ref;
 
   CeedCheck(!strcmp(resource, "/cpu/self") || !strcmp(resource, "/cpu/self/avx") || !strcmp(resource, "/cpu/self/avx/blocked"), ceed,
@@ -32,8 +33,3 @@ static int CeedInit_Avx(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Backend Register
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-CEED_INTERN int CeedRegister_Avx_Blocked(void) { return CeedRegister("/cpu/self/avx/blocked", CeedInit_Avx, 30); }
-
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/backends/avx/ceed-avx-serial.c b/backends/avx/ceed-avx-serial.c
@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "../ceed-backend-init.h"
 #include "ceed-avx.h"
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Backend Init
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-static int CeedInit_Avx(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
+CEED_INTERN int CeedInit_Avx_Serial(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
   Ceed ceed_ref;
 
   CeedCheck(!strcmp(resource, "/cpu/self") || !strcmp(resource, "/cpu/self/avx/serial"), ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
@@ -32,8 +33,3 @@ static int CeedInit_Avx(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Backend Register
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-CEED_INTERN int CeedRegister_Avx_Serial(void) { return CeedRegister("/cpu/self/avx/serial", CeedInit_Avx, 35); }
-
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/backends/blocked/ceed-blocked.c b/backends/blocked/ceed-blocked.c
@@ -5,17 +5,18 @@
 //
 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
 
-#include "ceed-blocked.h"
-
 #include <ceed.h>
 #include <ceed/backend.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "../ceed-backend-init.h"
+#include "ceed-blocked.h"
+
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Backend Init
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-static int CeedInit_Blocked(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
+CEED_INTERN int CeedInit_Ref_Blocked(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
   Ceed ceed_ref;
 
   CeedCheck(!strcmp(resource, "/cpu/self") || !strcmp(resource, "/cpu/self/ref/blocked"), ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
@@ -32,8 +33,3 @@ static int CeedInit_Blocked(const char *resource, Ceed ceed) {
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Backend Register
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-CEED_INTERN int CeedRegister_Ref_Blocked(void) { return CeedRegister("/cpu/self/ref/blocked", CeedInit_Blocked, 55); }
-
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/backends/ceed-backend-init.h b/backends/ceed-backend-init.h
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
+// All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+//
+// This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
+#pragma once
+
+#include <ceed/backend.h>
+
+#undef CEED_BACKEND
+#define CEED_BACKEND(name, ...) CEED_INTERN int CeedInit_##name(const char *resource, Ceed ceed);
+#include "../backends/ceed-backend-list.h"
+#undef CEED_BACKEND
diff --git a/backends/ceed-backend-list.h b/backends/ceed-backend-list.h
@@ -7,28 +7,72 @@
 
 // This header does not have guards because it is included multiple times.
 
-// List each backend registration function once here.
-// This will be expanded inside CeedRegisterAll() to call each registration function in the order listed, and also to define weak symbol aliases for
-// backends that are not configured.
-
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Avx_Blocked, 1, "/cpu/self/avx/blocked")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Avx_Serial, 1, "/cpu/self/avx/serial")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Cuda, 1, "/gpu/cuda/ref")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Cuda_Gen, 1, "/gpu/cuda/gen")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Cuda_Shared, 1, "/gpu/cuda/shared")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Hip, 1, "/gpu/hip/ref")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Hip_Gen, 1, "/gpu/hip/gen")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Hip_Shared, 1, "/gpu/hip/shared")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Sycl, 1, "/gpu/sycl/ref")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Sycl_Shared, 1, "/gpu/sycl/shared")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Sycl_Gen, 1, "/gpu/sycl/gen")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Magma, 2, "/gpu/cuda/magma", "/gpu/hip/magma")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Magma_Det, 2, "/gpu/cuda/magma/det", "/gpu/hip/magma/det")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Memcheck_Blocked, 1, "/cpu/self/memcheck/blocked")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Memcheck_Serial, 1, "/cpu/self/memcheck/serial")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Opt_Blocked, 1, "/cpu/self/opt/blocked")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Opt_Serial, 1, "/cpu/self/opt/serial")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Ref, 1, "/cpu/self/ref/serial")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Ref_Blocked, 1, "/cpu/self/ref/blocked")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Xsmm_Blocked, 1, "/cpu/self/xsmm/blocked")
-CEED_BACKEND(CeedRegister_Xsmm_Serial, 1, "/cpu/self/xsmm/serial")
+// List each backend function suffix once here.
+// The CEED_BACKEND(name, suffix, is_enabled, num_prefixes, prefix_0, priority_0, ...) macro is used in several places.
+//
+// This list will be expanded inside ceed-backend-init.h to declare all initialization functions of the form CeedInit_##name(resource, ceed).
+// These functions must be defined in their respective backends.
+//
+// This list will be expanded inside ceed-backend-register.h to declare all initialization functions of the form CeedRegister_##name##suffix(void).
+// These functions are defined ceed-register.c.
+//
+// In ceed-register.c, if the backend is enabled, then CeedRegister_##name##suffix(void) registers each prefix with the corresponding priority and uses CeedInit_##name.
+// If the backend is not enabled, then CeedRegister_##name##suffix(void) registers each prefix with an initialization function that gives an error message.
+//
+// This list is expanded inside CeedRegisterAll() to call each registration function in the order listed.
+
+CEED_BACKEND(Ref_Serial, , true, 1, "/cpu/self/ref/serial", 50)
+CEED_BACKEND(Ref_Blocked, , true, 1, "/cpu/self/ref/blocked", 55)
+CEED_BACKEND(Opt_Serial, , true, 1, "/cpu/self/opt/serial", 40)
+CEED_BACKEND(Opt_Blocked, , true, 1, "/cpu/self/opt/blocked", 45)
+
+#ifndef CEED_USE_MEMCHECK
+#define CEED_USE_MEMCHECK false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Memcheck_Serial, , CEED_USE_MEMCHECK, 1, "/cpu/self/memcheck/serial", 100)
+CEED_BACKEND(Memcheck_Blocked, , CEED_USE_MEMCHECK, 1, "/cpu/self/memcheck/blocked", 110)
+
+#ifndef CEED_USE_AVX
+#define CEED_USE_AVX false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Avx_Serial, , CEED_USE_AVX, 1, "/cpu/self/avx/serial", 30)
+CEED_BACKEND(Avx_Blocked, , CEED_USE_AVX, 1, "/cpu/self/avx/blocked", 30)
+
+#ifndef CEED_USE_XSMM
+#define CEED_USE_XSMM false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Xsmm_Serial, , CEED_USE_XSMM, 1, "/cpu/self/xsmm/serial", 20)
+CEED_BACKEND(Xsmm_Blocked, , CEED_USE_XSMM, 1, "/cpu/self/xsmm/blocked", 25)
+
+#ifndef CEED_USE_CUDA
+#define CEED_USE_CUDA false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Cuda_Ref, , CEED_USE_CUDA, 1, "/gpu/cuda/ref", 40)
+CEED_BACKEND(Cuda_Shared, , CEED_USE_CUDA, 1, "/gpu/cuda/shared", 30)
+CEED_BACKEND(Cuda_Gen, , CEED_USE_CUDA, 1, "/gpu/cuda/gen", 20)
+
+#ifndef CEED_USE_HIP
+#define CEED_USE_HIP false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Hip_Ref, , CEED_USE_HIP, 1, "/gpu/hip/ref", 40)
+CEED_BACKEND(Hip_Shared, , CEED_USE_HIP, 1, "/gpu/hip/shared", 30)
+CEED_BACKEND(Hip_Gen, , CEED_USE_HIP, 1, "/gpu/hip/gen", 20)
+
+#ifndef CEED_USE_SYCL
+#define CEED_USE_SYCL false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Sycl_Ref, , CEED_USE_SYCL, 2, "/gpu/sycl/ref", 40, "/cpu/sycl/ref", 45)
+CEED_BACKEND(Sycl_Shared, , CEED_USE_SYCL, 2, "/gpu/sycl/shared", 30, "/cpu/sycl/shared", 35)
+CEED_BACKEND(Sycl_Gen, , CEED_USE_SYCL, 1, "/gpu/sycl/gen", 20)
+
+#ifndef CEED_MAGMA_USE_CUDA
+#define CEED_MAGMA_USE_CUDA false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Magma, _Cuda, CEED_MAGMA_USE_CUDA, 1, "/gpu/cuda/magma", 120)
+CEED_BACKEND(Magma_Det, _Cuda, CEED_MAGMA_USE_CUDA, 1, "/gpu/cuda/magma/det", 125)
+
+#ifndef CEED_MAGMA_USE_HIP
+#define CEED_MAGMA_USE_HIP false
+#endif
+CEED_BACKEND(Magma, _Hip, CEED_MAGMA_USE_HIP, 1, "/gpu/hip/magma", 120)
+CEED_BACKEND(Magma_Det, _Hip, CEED_MAGMA_USE_HIP, 1, "/gpu/hip/magma/det", 125)