简洁翻译Andrei Alexandrescu的话

README.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The Chinese Translation Project of [Programming in D](http://ddili.org/ders/d.en
 ## Why "Programming in D"? 为什么选择此书？
 Instead of falling for getting things done quickly, "Programming in D" focuses on getting things done properly, to the lasting benefit of its reader. -Andrei Alexandrescu
 
-本书注重于如何恰到好处地使用D语言将任务处理得当，而非试图快速地完成一切却有失于代码质量，这使得它的读者能够长久受益。 ——大A
+本书没有急于求成，而是将各方面都处理得恰到好处，让读者受益匪浅。 ——Andrei Alexandrescu
 
 ## How to join us 怎样加入我们
 ### Tencent QQ
@@ -48,104 +48,105 @@ Instead of falling for getting things done quickly, "Programming in D" focuses o
 
 ## Progress 进度
 ### Translated 已完成翻译
-- [编译 Compilation](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/compiler.d) By Lucifer & meatatt
-- [元组 Tuples](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/tuples.d) By meatatt
-- [is 表达式 is Expression](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/is_expr.d) By meatatt
-- [命名作用域 Name Scope](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/name_space.d) By LinGo
-- [从标准输入中读取数据 Reading from the Standard Input](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/input.d) By Lucifer
-- [前言 Preface（合并自：Acknowledgments，Introduction）](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/preface.d) By IceNature
-- [文件 Files](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/files.d) By IceNature
-- [if 语句 if Statement](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/if.d) By IceNature
-- [auto 和 typeof auto and typeof](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/auto_and_typeof.d) By andot
-- [Object](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/object.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
-- [异常 Exceptions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/exceptions.d) By xmdqvb
-- [scope](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/scope.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
-- [类 Classes](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/class.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
-- [并行 Parallelism](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/parallelism.d) By IceNature
-- [关联数组 Associative Arrays](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/aa.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
-- [do-while 循环 do-while Loop](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/do_while.d) By mogu
-- [alias 与 with alias and with](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/alias.d) By mogu
-- [alias this](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/alias_this.d) By mogu
-- [并发消息传递 Message Passing Concurrency](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/concurrency.d) By IceNature
-- [字符串 Strings](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/strings.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
-- [惰性运算符 Lazy Operators](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/lazy_operators.d) By mogu
-- [左值与右值 Lvalues and Rvalues](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/lvalue_rvalue.d) By mogu
-- [三元运算符 ?: Ternary Operator ?:](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/ternary.d) By IceNature
-- [模板 Templates](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/templates.d) By meatatt
-- [通用函数调用语法 Universal Function Call Syntax (UFCS)](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/ufcs.d) By mogu
-- [属性 Properties](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/property.d) By IceNature
-- [const ref 参数 and const 成员函数 const ref Parameters and const Member Functions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/const_member_functions.d) By IceNature
-- [格式化输出 Formatted Output](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/formatted_output.d) By IceNature
-- [Pragmas](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/pragma.d) By mogu
+- [数组 Arrays](target/arrays.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [编译 Compilation](target/compiler.d) By Lucifer & meatatt
+- [元组 Tuples](target/tuples.d) By meatatt
+- [is 表达式 is Expression](target/is_expr.d) By meatatt
+- [命名作用域 Name Scope](target/name_space.d) By LinGo
+- [从标准输入中读取数据 Reading from the Standard Input](target/input.d) By Lucifer
+- [前言 Preface（合并自：Acknowledgments，Introduction）](target/preface.d) By IceNature
+- [文件 Files](target/files.d) By IceNature
+- [if 语句 if Statement](target/if.d) By IceNature
+- [auto 和 typeof auto and typeof](target/auto_and_typeof.d) By andot
+- [Object](target/object.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [异常 Exceptions](target/exceptions.d) By xmdqvb
+- [scope](target/scope.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [类 Classes](target/class.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [并行 Parallelism](target/parallelism.d) By IceNature
+- [关联数组 Associative Arrays](target/aa.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [do-while 循环 do-while Loop](target/do_while.d) By mogu
+- [alias 与 with alias and with](target/alias.d) By mogu
+- [alias this](target/alias_this.d) By mogu
+- [并发消息传递 Message Passing Concurrency](target/concurrency.d) By IceNature
+- [字符串 Strings](target/strings.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [惰性运算符 Lazy Operators](target/lazy_operators.d) By mogu
+- [左值与右值 Lvalues and Rvalues](target/lvalue_rvalue.d) By mogu
+- [三元运算符 ?: Ternary Operator ?:](target/ternary.d) By IceNature
+- [模板 Templates](target/templates.d) By meatatt
+- [通用函数调用语法 Universal Function Call Syntax (UFCS)](target/ufcs.d) By mogu
+- [属性 Properties](target/property.d) By IceNature
+- [const ref 参数 and const 成员函数 const ref Parameters and const Member Functions](target/const_member_functions.d) By IceNature
+- [格式化输出 Formatted Output](target/formatted_output.d) By IceNature
+- [Pragmas](target/pragma.d) By mogu
+- [自定义属性 (UDA)](target/uda.d) by Heromyth
 
 ### Reviewing 审核中
-- [Slices and Other Array Features](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/slices.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
-- [More Templates](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/templates_more.d) By meatatt
+- [Slices and Other Array Features](target/slices.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [More Templates](target/templates_more.d) By meatatt
 
 ### Review Delayed 审核搁置
-- [Arrays](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/arrays.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+
 
 ### Outdated 旧项目待更新
-- [The Hello World Program](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/hello_world.d) By Lucifer
-- [writeln and write](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/writeln.d) By Lucifer
-- [Fundamental Types](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/types.d) By Lucifer
-- [Assignment and Order of Evaluation](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/assignment.d) By Lucifer
-- [Variables](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/variables.d) By Lucifer
-- [Standard Input and Output Streams](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/io.d) By Lucifer
+- [The Hello World Program](target/hello_world.d) By Lucifer
+- [writeln and write](target/writeln.d) By Lucifer
+- [Fundamental Types](target/types.d) By Lucifer
+- [Assignment and Order of Evaluation](target/assignment.d) By Lucifer
+- [Variables](target/variables.d) By Lucifer
+- [Standard Input and Output Streams](target/io.d) By Lucifer
 
 ### Adopted 已被领取
-- [Lifetimes and Fundamental Operations](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/lifetimes.d) By 渡世白玉
-- [Ranges](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/ranges.d) By Lucifer
-- [while Loop](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/while.d) By KimmyLeo
-- [Redirecting Standard Input and Output Streams](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/stream_redirect.d) By mogu
-- [Function Pointers, Delegates, and Lambdas](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/lambda.d) By zhaopuming
-- [Modules and Libraries](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/modules.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
-- [Variable Number of Parameters](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/parameter_flexibility.d) By meatatt
-- [Conditional Compilation](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/cond_comp.d) By IceNature
-- [Immutability](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/const_and_immutable.d) By IceNature
-- [Type Conversions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/cast.d) By IceNature
-- [Formatted Input](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/formatted_input.d) By IceNature
+- [Lifetimes and Fundamental Operations](target/lifetimes.d) By 渡世白玉
+- [Ranges](target/ranges.d) By Lucifer
+- [while Loop](target/while.d) By KimmyLeo
+- [Redirecting Standard Input and Output Streams](target/stream_redirect.d) By mogu
+- [Function Pointers, Delegates, and Lambdas](target/lambda.d) By zhaopuming
+- [Modules and Libraries](target/modules.d) By 大处着手小处着眼
+- [Variable Number of Parameters](target/parameter_flexibility.d) By meatatt
+- [Conditional Compilation](target/cond_comp.d) By IceNature
+- [Immutability](target/const_and_immutable.d) By IceNature
+- [Type Conversions](target/cast.d) By IceNature
+- [Formatted Input](target/formatted_input.d) By IceNature
 
 ### Orphans 待领取
-- [Foreword by Andrei Alexandrescu](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/foreword2.d)
-- [Logical Expressions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/logical_expressions.d)
-- [Integers and Arithmetic Operations](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/arithmetic.d)
-- [Floating Point Types](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/floating_point.d)
-- [Characters](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/characters.d)
-- [for Loop](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/for.d)
-- [Literals](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/literals.d)
-- [foreach Loop](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/foreach.d)
-- [switch and case](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/switch_case.d)
-- [enum](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/enum.d)
-- [Functions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/functions.d)
-- [Value Types and Reference Types](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/value_vs_reference.d)
-- [Function Parameters](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/function_parameters.d)
-- [Program Environment](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/main.d)
-- [assert and enforce](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/assert.d)
-- [Unit Testing](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/unit_testing.d)
-- [Contract Programming](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/contracts.d)
-- [The null Value and the is Operator](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/null_is.d)
-- [Structs](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/struct.d)
-- [Function Overloading](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/function_overloading.d)
-- [Member Functions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/member_functions.d)
-- [Constructor and Other Special Functions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/special_functions.d)
-- [Operator Overloading](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/operator_overloading.d)
-- [Inheritance](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/inheritance.d)
-- [Interfaces](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/interface.d)
-- [destroy and scoped](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/destroy.d)
-- [Encapsulation and Protection Attributes](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/encapsulation.d)
-- [Contract Programming for Structs and Classes](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/invariant.d)
-- [Pointers](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/pointers.d)
-- [Bit Operations](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/bit_operations.d)
-- [foreach with Structs and Classes](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/foreach_opapply.d)
-- [Nested Functions, Structs, and Classes](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/nested.d)
-- [Unions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/union.d)
-- [Labels and goto](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/goto.d)
-- [More Functions](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/functions_more.d)
-- [Mixins](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/mixin.d)
-- [More Ranges](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/ranges_more.d)
-- [Data Sharing Concurrency](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/concurrency_shared.d)
-- [Fibers](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/fibers.d)
-- [Memory Management](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/memory.d)
-- [User Defined Attributes (UDA)](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/uda.d)
-- [Operator Precedence](ddili/src/ders/d.cn/operator_precedence.d)
+- [Foreword by Andrei Alexandrescu](target/foreword2.d)
+- [Logical Expressions](target/logical_expressions.d)
+- [Integers and Arithmetic Operations](target/arithmetic.d)
+- [Floating Point Types](target/floating_point.d)
+- [Characters](target/characters.d)
+- [for Loop](target/for.d)
+- [Literals](target/literals.d)
+- [foreach Loop](target/foreach.d)
+- [switch and case](target/switch_case.d)
+- [enum](target/enum.d)
+- [Functions](target/functions.d)
+- [Value Types and Reference Types](target/value_vs_reference.d)
+- [Function Parameters](target/function_parameters.d)
+- [Program Environment](target/main.d)
+- [assert and enforce](target/assert.d)
+- [Unit Testing](target/unit_testing.d)
+- [Contract Programming](target/contracts.d)
+- [The null Value and the is Operator](target/null_is.d)
+- [Structs](target/struct.d)
+- [Function Overloading](target/function_overloading.d)
+- [Member Functions](target/member_functions.d)
+- [Constructor and Other Special Functions](target/special_functions.d)
+- [Operator Overloading](target/operator_overloading.d)
+- [Inheritance](target/inheritance.d)
+- [Interfaces](target/interface.d)
+- [destroy and scoped](target/destroy.d)
+- [Encapsulation and Protection Attributes](target/encapsulation.d)
+- [Contract Programming for Structs and Classes](target/invariant.d)
+- [Pointers](target/pointers.d)
+- [Bit Operations](target/bit_operations.d)
+- [foreach with Structs and Classes](target/foreach_opapply.d)
+- [Nested Functions, Structs, and Classes](target/nested.d)
+- [Unions](target/union.d)
+- [Labels and goto](target/goto.d)
+- [More Functions](target/functions_more.d)
+- [Mixins](target/mixin.d)
+- [More Ranges](target/ranges_more.d)
+- [Data Sharing Concurrency](target/concurrency_shared.d)
+- [Fibers](target/fibers.d)
+- [Memory Management](target/memory.d)
+- [Operator Precedence](target/operator_precedence.d)

d.en/alias_this.d

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(DERS_BOLUMU $(IX alias this) $(CH4 alias this))
+
+$(P
+We have seen the individual meanings of the $(C alias) and the $(C this) keywords in previous chapters. These two keywords have a completely different meaning when used together as $(C alias this).
+)
+
+$(P
+$(IX automatic type conversion) $(IX type conversion, automatic) $(IX implicit type conversion) $(IX type conversion, implicit) $(C alias this) enables $(I automatic type conversions) (also known as $(I implicit type conversions)) of user-defined types. As we have seen in $(LINK2 /ders/d.en/operator_overloading.html, the Operator Overloading chapter), another way of providing type conversions for a type is by defining $(C opCast) for that type. The difference is that, while $(C opCast) is for explicit type conversions, $(C alias this) is for automatic type conversions.
+)
+
+$(P
+The keywords $(C alias) and $(C this) are written separately where the name of a member variable or a member function is specified between them:
+)
+
+---
+    alias $(I member_variable_or_member_function) this;
+---
+
+$(P
+$(C alias this) enables the specific conversion from the user-defined type to the type of that member. The value of the member becomes the resulting value of the conversion .
+)
+
+$(P
+The following $(C Fraction) example uses $(C alias this) with a $(I member function). The $(C TeachingAssistant) example that is further below will use it with $(I member variables).
+)
+
+$(P
+Since the return type of $(C value()) below is $(C double), the following $(C alias this) enables automatic conversion of $(C Fraction) objects to $(C double) values:
+)
+
+---
+import std.stdio;
+
+struct Fraction {
+    long numerator;
+    long denominator;
+
+    $(HILITE double value()) const @property {
+        return double(numerator) / denominator;
+    }
+
+    alias $(HILITE value) this;
+
+    // ...
+}
+
+double calculate(double lhs, double rhs) {
+    return 2 * lhs + rhs;
+}
+
+void main() {
+    auto fraction = Fraction(1, 4);    // meaning 1/4
+    writeln(calculate($(HILITE fraction), 0.75));
+}
+---
+
+$(P
+$(C value()) gets called automatically to produce a $(C double) value when $(C Fraction) objects appear in places where a $(C double) value is expected. That is why the variable $(C fraction) can be passed to $(C calculate()) as an argument. $(C value()) returns 0.25 as the value of 1/4 and the program prints the result of 2 * 0.25 + 0.75:
+)
+
+$(SHELL
+1.25
+)
+
+$(H5 $(IX multiple inheritance) $(IX inheritance, multiple) Multiple inheritance)
+
+$(P
+We have seen in $(LINK2 /ders/d.en/inheritance.html, the Inheritance chapter) that classes can inherit from only one $(C class). (On the other hand, there is no limit in the number of $(C interface)s to inherit from.) Some other object oriented languages allow inheriting from multiple classes. This is called $(I multiple inheritance).
+)
+
+$(P
+$(C alias this) enables using D classes in designs that could benefit from multiple inheritance. Multiple $(C alias this) declarations enable types to be used in places of multiple different types.
+)
+
+$(P
+$(HILITE $(I $(B Note:) dmd 2.078.0, the compiler that was used last to compile the examples in this chapter, allowed only one $(C alias this) declaration.))
+)
+
+$(P
+The following $(C TeachingAssistant) class has two member variables of types $(C Student) and $(C Teacher). The $(C alias this) declarations would allow objects of this type to be used in places of both $(C Student) and $(C Teacher):
+)
+
+---
+import std.stdio;
+
+class Student {
+    string name;
+    uint[] grades;
+
+    this(string name) {
+        this.name = name;
+    }
+}
+
+class Teacher {
+    string name;
+    string subject;
+
+    this(string name, string subject) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.subject = subject;
+    }
+}
+
+class TeachingAssistant {
+    Student studentIdentity;
+    Teacher teacherIdentity;
+
+    this(string name, string subject) {
+        this.studentIdentity = new Student(name);
+        this.teacherIdentity = new Teacher(name, subject);
+    }
+
+    /* The following two 'alias this' declarations will enable
+     * this type to be used both as a Student and as a Teacher.
+     *
+     * Note: dmd 2.078.0 did not support multiple 'alias this'
+     *       declarations. */
+    alias $(HILITE teacherIdentity) this;
+    $(CODE_COMMENT_OUT compiler limitation)alias $(HILITE studentIdentity) this;
+}
+
+void attendClass(Teacher teacher, Student[] students)
+in {
+    assert(teacher !is null);
+    assert(students.length > 0);
+
+} do {
+    writef("%s is teaching %s to the following students:",
+           teacher.name, teacher.subject);
+
+    foreach (student; students) {
+        writef(" %s", student.name);
+    }
+
+    writeln();
+}
+
+void main() {
+    auto students = [ new Student("Shelly"),
+                      new Student("Stan") ];
+
+    /* An object that can be used both as a Teacher and a
+     * Student: */
+    auto tim = new TeachingAssistant("Tim", "math");
+
+    // 'tim' is the teacher in the following use:
+    attendClass($(HILITE tim), students);
+
+    // 'tim' is one of the students in the following use:
+    auto amy = new Teacher("Amy", "physics");
+    $(CODE_COMMENT_OUT compiler limitation)attendClass(amy, students ~ $(HILITE tim));
+}
+---
+
+$(P
+The output of the program shows that the same object has been used as two different types:
+)
+
+$(SHELL
+$(HILITE Tim) is teaching math to the following students: Shelly Stan
+Amy is teaching physics to the following students: Shelly Stan $(HILITE Tim)
+)
+
+Macros:
+        SUBTITLE=alias this
+
+        DESCRIPTION=Nesnelerin otomatik olarak başka tür olarak kullanılmalarını sağlayan 'alias this'.
+
+        KEYWORDS=d programlama dili ders dersler öğrenmek tutorial alias takma isim alias this
+
+SOZLER=
+$(kalitim)
+