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16 changes: 8 additions & 8 deletions book/content/modelling/05_combustion/01_fundamentals.ipynb
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"source": [
"## Burning Candle\n",
"\n",
"A buring candle is a good fire example. Here, once ignited, the flame emitts heat radiation which is absorbed by the candle body. The solid melts and the fluid wax is transported through the wick and evaporates in a endotermic reaction. Through diffusion, the vaporised wax mixes with air and conducts an exothermic reaction, the combustion. The hot combustion products rise and enentually lead to further reactions.\n",
"A buring candle is a good fire example. Here, once ignited, the flame emitts heat radiation which is absorbed by the candle body. The solid melts and the fluid wax is transported through the wick and evaporates in a endothermic reaction. Through diffusion, the vaporised wax mixes with air and conducts an exothermic reaction, the combustion. The hot combustion products rise and eventually lead to further reactions.\n",
"\n",
"The main zones of this process and the characteristic temperatures are shown in {numref}`fig-comb-candle`, with:\n",
"\n",
"* **Zone I**: Endotermic vaprisation of the wax,\n",
"* **Zone I**: Endothermic vaporisation of the wax,\n",
"* **Zone II + III**: Decomposition of the wax molecules, diffusive mixing with the ambient air and combustion, and\n",
"* **Zone IV**: Hot (large) soot particles emitt thermal radiation. \n",
"* **Zone IV**: Hot (large) soot particles emit thermal radiation. \n",
"\n",
":::{figure-md} fig-comb-candle\n",
"\n",
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"\\mf CH_4 + 2O_2 \\rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O \\quad .\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"The reaction equations relate the involved relative number of particles, i.e. in the above equation one (mole) of methane would react with two (moles) of oxygen molecules, as illustrated in {numref}`fig-comb-methane-comb`.\n",
"The reaction equations relate the involved relative number of particles, i.e. in the above equation one (mole of) methane molecule(s) would react with two (moles of) oxygen molecules, as illustrated in {numref}`fig-comb-methane-comb`.\n",
"\n",
":::{figure-md} fig-comb-methane-comb\n",
"<img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg\" width=\"40%\">\n",
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"* $\\mf S_u < v_0$ : the flame is blown off,\n",
"* $\\mf S_u > v_0$ : the flame flashes back to the burner.\n",
"\n",
"This phenomena can be also observed for a just extinguished candle, see follwing videos.\n",
"This phenomena can be also observed for a just extinguished candle, see following videos.\n",
"\n",
"**TODO: Add link to video of a candle blown off**\n",
"\n",
"**TODO: Add link to video of a candle flash back**\n",
"\n",
"The following figures illustrate a setup with a pipe, which is closed at one side and filled with a combustible mixture. The velocity at which the flame effectivle moves depends on the ignition location.\n",
"The following figures illustrate a setup with a pipe, which is closed at one side and filled with a combustible mixture. The velocity at which the flame effectively moves depends on the ignition location.\n",
"\n",
":::{figure-md} fig-comb-burning-velocity_1\n",
"<img src=\"./figs/flame_burn_velocity_setup_1.svg\" width=\"80%\">\n",
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"\n",
"The combustion process is divided into two stages:\n",
"* **preheat region**: heat transfer from the flame heats up the unburned gas to its autoignition temperature, and \n",
"* **reaction / flame region**: the chemical reaction which released heat needed for the preheat region.\n",
"* **reaction / flame region**: the chemical reaction which releases heat needed for the preheat region.\n",
"\n",
"The qualitative form of the temperature and gas concentrations in the vicinity of a flame is shown in {numref}`fig-comb-flame-drysdale`.\n",
"\n",
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"And the candle example revisited:\n",
"\n",
":::{figure-md} fig-comb-flame-sfpe_candle\n",
"<img src=\"./figs/sfpe-candle.png\" width=\"60%\">\n",
"<img src=\"./figs/sfpe-candle.png\" width=\"70%\">\n",
"\n",
"Reaction regions in a candle. Source: SFPE Handbook.\n",
":::\n"
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