Cpp intermediate

.clang-format

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+BasedOnStyle: Google
+IndentWidth: 4
+BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
+CommentStyle: Aligned

.gitignore

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+# Prerequisites
+*.d
+
+# Compiled Object files
+*.slo
+*.lo
+*.o
+*.obj
+
+# Precompiled Headers
+*.gch
+*.pch
+
+# Compiled Dynamic libraries
+*.so
+*.dylib
+*.dll
+
+# Fortran module files
+*.mod
+*.smod
+
+# Compiled Static libraries
+*.lai
+*.la
+*.a
+*.lib
+
+# Executables
+*.exe
+*.out
+*.app
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+share/python-wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.envrc
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# Linters / Formatters
+.ruff_cache/

.vscode/settings.json

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+{
+    "files.associations": {
+        "iostream": "cpp",
+        "*.tcc": "cpp",
+        "limits": "cpp",
+        "ostream": "cpp",
+        "array": "cpp",
+        "atomic": "cpp",
+        "bit": "cpp",
+        "cctype": "cpp",
+        "clocale": "cpp",
+        "cmath": "cpp",
+        "compare": "cpp",
+        "concepts": "cpp",
+        "cstddef": "cpp",
+        "cstdint": "cpp",
+        "cstdio": "cpp",
+        "cstdlib": "cpp",
+        "ctime": "cpp",
+        "cwchar": "cpp",
+        "cwctype": "cpp",
+        "deque": "cpp",
+        "string": "cpp",
+        "unordered_map": "cpp",
+        "vector": "cpp",
+        "exception": "cpp",
+        "algorithm": "cpp",
+        "functional": "cpp",
+        "iterator": "cpp",
+        "memory": "cpp",
+        "memory_resource": "cpp",
+        "numeric": "cpp",
+        "optional": "cpp",
+        "random": "cpp",
+        "string_view": "cpp",
+        "system_error": "cpp",
+        "tuple": "cpp",
+        "type_traits": "cpp",
+        "utility": "cpp",
+        "initializer_list": "cpp",
+        "iosfwd": "cpp",
+        "istream": "cpp",
+        "new": "cpp",
+        "numbers": "cpp",
+        "stdexcept": "cpp",
+        "streambuf": "cpp",
+        "typeinfo": "cpp",
+        "fstream": "cpp",
+        "map": "cpp"
+    }
+}

.vscode/tasks.json

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+{
+    "tasks": [
+        {
+            "type": "cppbuild",
+            "label": "C/C++: g++.exe build active file",
+            "command": "C:\\msys64\\ucrt64\\bin\\g++.exe",
+            "args": [
+                "-fdiagnostics-color=always",
+                "-g",
+                "${file}",
+                "-o",
+                "${fileDirname}\\${fileBasenameNoExtension}.exe"
+            ],
+            "options": {
+                "cwd": "${fileDirname}"
+            },
+            "problemMatcher": [
+                "$gcc"
+            ],
+            "group": {
+                "kind": "build",
+                "isDefault": true
+            },
+            "detail": "Task generated by Debugger."
+        }
+    ],
+    "version": "2.0.0"
+}

CPP/Beginner/00. Getting started/README.md

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+# Exercise 0: Hello World
+
+## Objective
+
+Getting familiarized with C++ files, their coding style and building the executable. 
+
+## Task
+
+Create a file named 'hello_world.cpp'. The file must:
+
+- Have a single function `int main() { }` which returns 0 at the end.
+- Print through the terminal 'Hello world!'.
+
+Once created, build the program and execute it.
+
+## Hints
+
+- Include the standard library `<iostream>`.
+- Use `sdt::cout << "My message"` to print a message through the terminal.
+- End the terminal use with `std::endl`.
+- You can use `using namespace std` to use `cout` instead of `std::cout`.
+
+# C++ theory
+## Coding in C++
+
+C++ files have an extension `.cpp` or `.cc`.
+Inside, the code is defined by the following (basic) rules:
+
+- The executable file usually has a `main()` function, which returns `0` when has run without problems.
+- The body of any block is defined by the keys `{ }`.
+- Every line command ends with `;`.
+- Libraries are included/imported into the code as `#include <std_lib_name>` (for standard libraries) or as `#include "lib_name.h"` for header files.
+- Standard calls are defined as `std::CALL`, for example `std::string` or `std::cout`.
+
+## Compiling & building
+
+Assuming a file `main.cpp`, the code is compiled as the following:
+
+```
+g++ main.cpp
+```
+
+This creates a file `a.exe`, which can be called through the command line to execute it.
+It is also possible to create an executable with a custom name:
+
+```
+g++ -o my_program main.cpp
+```
+
+With the `-o` parameter, the output `my_program.exe` is created.
+
+# Environment setup
+
+This is a guide to setup your end to be able to code in C++.
+For it, you will need:
+
+- **Code editor**: We will use Visual Studio Code.
+- **Make**: If you are using Linux, you already have it. This has to be installed for Windows.
+
+## Code editor (VS Code)
+
+The first step is to have a code editor.
+At this repo, I will continue with the VisualStudio code.
+You can download it from the [official website](https://code.visualstudio.com/download).
+Once downloaded, install is but don't open it yet.
+
+## Make for Windows
+

CPP/Beginner/00. Getting started/hello_world.cpp

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+#include <iostream>
+
+// using namespace std;
+using std::cout, std::endl;
+
+int main() {
+    cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
+    return 0;
+}

CPP/Beginner/01. Basic IO/README.md

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+# Exercise 1: Basic Input and Output
+
+## Objective
+Learn how to take user input and display it using `std::cin` and `std::cout`.
+
+## Task
+Write a program that:
+- Asks the user to input their name.
+- Asks the user to input their age.
+- Outputs a message saying: "Hello, [Name]! You are [Age] years old."
+
+## Expected Result
+If the user inputs "Alice" as their name and "30" as their age, the program should output:
+```commandline
+Hello, Alice! You are 30 years old.
+```
+
+# C++ theory
+## Using the console
+
+To use the terminal in C++ it is necessary to include the `iostream` library.
+
+```cpp
+#include <iostream>
+```
+
+This library allows to use `std::cin` (console input) and `std::cout` (console output).
+The symbols `<<` are used for printing through the console output, and `>>` to obtain data through the console input.
+
+```cpp
+int number;
+
+std::cout << "Write a number: ";
+std::cin >> number;
+std::cout << "You wrote the number " << number << std::endl;
+```
+
+The manipulator `std::endl` writes the special character `\n` (new line) and flushes the buffer. 
+In other words, the output is inmediately shown on the terminal.
+
+Writing `std::endl` and `\n` are different, as `\n` does not flush the buffer and it is faster.
+Try to use `std::endl` only when the output is to be shown immediately or the code is done using the console.

CPP/Beginner/01. Basic IO/greetings.cpp

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+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+int main() {
+    int age;
+    std::string name;
+
+    std::cout << "What is your name?" << std::endl;
+    std::cin >> name;
+    std::cout << "How old are you?" << std::endl;
+    std::cin >> age;
+
+    std::cout << "Hello, " << name << "! You are " << age << " years old."
+              << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}

CPP/Beginner/02. Basic operations/README.md

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+# Exercise 2: Basic Arithmetic Operations
+## Objective
+Learn how to perform basic arithmetic operations and work with different data types.
+
+## Task
+Write a program that:
+
+- Asks the user to input two integers.
+- Performs the following operations on those integers:
+    - Addition
+    - Subtraction
+    - Multiplication
+    - Division
+- Outputs the result of each operation in a readable format.
+
+## Expected Result
+If the user inputs 10 and 5 as the two integers, the program should output:
+
+```commandline
+Addition: 10 + 5 = 15
+Subtraction: 10 - 5 = 5
+Multiplication: 10 * 5 = 50
+Division: 10 / 5 = 2
+```
+
+# C++ Theory
+
+## Types of variables
+
+When defining a variable, the type of this one must be specified before its name. 
+Then, the variable must be initialized (its value must be set to a known value) before it is used.
+
+```cpp
+#include <string>
+
+int number;  // integer variable, not initialized.
+std::string dayOfTheWeek = "Monday";  // string variable, initialized
+```
+
+Some of the **basic types** for variables are:
+
+- `int`: Defines signed integers.
+- `unsigned int`: Defines unsigned integers.
+- `float`: A single-precision floating-point number (usually 32 bits).
+- `double`: A double-precision floating-point number (usually 64 bits).
+- `char`: A character type, usually 8 bits, which can represent ASCII values.
+- `bool`: Represents a boolean, either 'true' or 'false'.
+- `void`: Represents the absence of type.
+
+From C++11 and onwards, there are **fixed-width integer types** using the library `<cstdint>`:
+
+- `int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t`: Signed integers of fixed width (8, 16, 32, and 64 bits).
+- `uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t`: Unsigned integers of fixed width.
+
+There exist also **standard types**, importing the correct library.
+For example `std::string` can be defined when including `<string>`.
+
+## Operations with variables
+
+The **basic operations** that can be perfomed in C++ are:
+
+- Sum (`+`): `int a = 1 + 2;`. As a result, `a = 3`.
+- Substraction (`-`): `int a = 1 - 2;`. As a result, `a = -1`.
+- Multiplication (`*`): `int a = 1 * 2;`. As a result, `a = 2`.
+- Division (`/`): `float a = 1 / 2;`. As a result, `a = 0.5`.
+- Modulus/Reminder (`%`): `int a = 1 % 2`. As a result, `a = 1` (reminder of the division 1 / 2).
+
+These operation can be directly assigned over variables.
+
+- `int a += 2;` is equivalent to `int a = a + 2;` 
+- `int a -= 2;` is equivalent to `int a = a - 2;` 
+- `int a *= 2;` is equivalent to `int a = a * 2;` 
+- `float a /= 2;` is equivalent to `int a = a / 2;` 
+- `int a %= 2;` is equivalent to `int a = a % 2;` 
+
+When defining these operations with numbers, each number also has a type.
+If a type is not define, these are the **literal types**:
+
+- In `a + 2`, the number '2' is a literal integer (type `int`).
+- In `a / 2.0`, the number '2.0' is a literal decimal point (type `double`).
+
+It is of good practise to always define the type of the values you work with:
+
+- `2u` defines that '2' is type `unsigned`.
+- `2.0f` defines that '2' is type `float`.

CPP/Beginner/02. Basic operations/farenh2celsius.cpp

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+/* Here mathematic operations are performed over a value given by the user. */
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+    float temp_f;
+    float temp_c;
+
+    // Without 'std::endl' the user writes right next to the sentence:
+    std::cout << "Enter a temperature in fahrenheit: ";
+    std::cin >> temp_f;
+
+    temp_c = (temp_f - 32u) * 5.0f / 9.0f;
+    std::cout << "Your temperature in celsius is " << temp_c << std::endl;
+
+    return 0;
+}