Smart Grid Management System

A comprehensive Clarity smart contract for decentralized energy grid management, enabling peer-to-peer energy trading, real-time grid monitoring, and efficient energy distribution.

Overview

This smart contract provides a complete infrastructure for managing a decentralized smart grid, allowing energy producers, consumers, and storage facilities to interact transparently on the blockchain. The system includes dynamic pricing, emergency protocols, and comprehensive metrics tracking.

Features

🔌 Core Functionality

• Energy Producer Registration: Register as an energy producer with specified capacity and energy type (solar, wind, hydro, nuclear, geothermal, biomass, natural-gas)
• Consumer Management: Register consumers with consumption limits and balance tracking
• Energy Storage: Support for battery/storage systems with configurable charge/discharge rates
• Production Reporting: Real-time tracking of energy production from registered producers
• Consumption Management: Controlled energy consumption with dynamic pricing
• Grid Load Monitoring: Real-time monitoring of total grid capacity and current load

💱 Energy Trading

• Peer-to-Peer Trading: Direct energy trading between producers and consumers
• Trade Creation: Producers can create trade offers with specified amount and price
• Trade Completion: Consumers can accept and complete trades with balance verification
• Trade History: Complete audit trail of all energy transactions

💰 Dynamic Pricing

• Load-Based Pricing: Prices adjust automatically based on grid utilization
• Emergency Mode: 3x price multiplier during grid emergencies
• Base Price Management: Grid operator can adjust base energy prices
• Transparent Calculations: All pricing logic is on-chain and auditable

📊 Grid Management

• Capacity Management: Track total grid capacity vs. current load
• Utilization Metrics: Calculate grid utilization percentage in real-time
• Performance Tracking: Historical metrics including production, consumption, peak load, and efficiency
• Reputation System: Track producer reliability with reputation scores (0-100)

🔒 Security Features

• Role-Based Access: Grid operator role with administrative privileges
• Active Status Checks: Ensure only active participants can transact
• Balance Verification: Prevent overdraft with comprehensive balance checks
• Capacity Limits: Enforce production and consumption limits
• Input Validation: All external inputs are validated before processing

Contract Architecture

Data Structures

Energy Producers

{
    capacity: uint,              // Maximum production capacity
    current-production: uint,    // Current production level
    total-produced: uint,        // Lifetime production total
    energy-type: string,         // Type of energy (solar, wind, etc.)
    active: bool,                // Active status
    reputation-score: uint       // Reliability score (0-100)
}

Energy Consumers

{
    consumption-limit: uint,     // Maximum consumption allowed
    total-consumed: uint,        // Lifetime consumption total
    current-usage: uint,         // Current consumption level
    balance: uint,               // Available balance for purchases
    active: bool                 // Active status
}

Energy Storage

{
    capacity: uint,              // Storage capacity
    stored-amount: uint,         // Current stored energy
    charge-rate: uint,           // Maximum charge rate
    discharge-rate: uint         // Maximum discharge rate
}

Energy Trades

{
    seller: principal,           // Producer address
    buyer: principal,            // Consumer address
    amount: uint,                // Energy amount
    price: uint,                 // Trade price
    timestamp: uint,             // Block height of creation
    completed: bool              // Completion status
}

Public Functions

Registration Functions

register-producer (capacity: uint, energy-type: string) -> (response bool uint)

• Register as an energy producer
• Specify production capacity and energy source type
• Initial reputation score set to 100

register-consumer (consumption-limit: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Register as an energy consumer
• Set maximum consumption limit
• Initialize with zero balance

register-storage (capacity: uint, charge-rate: uint, discharge-rate: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Register energy storage facility
• Configure capacity and charge/discharge rates

Energy Operations

report-production (amount: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Report current energy production level
• Updates grid load automatically
• Must not exceed registered capacity

consume-energy (amount: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Consume energy from the grid
• Automatically calculates cost using dynamic pricing
• Deducts balance and updates grid load

charge-storage (amount: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Charge storage facility from grid
• Respects charge rate limits
• Reduces grid load

discharge-storage (amount: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Discharge stored energy to grid
• Respects discharge rate limits
• Increases grid load

Trading Functions

create-trade (buyer: principal, amount: uint, price: uint) -> (response uint uint)

• Create energy trade offer
• Returns trade ID for tracking
• Validates buyer exists and is active

complete-trade (trade-id: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Complete pending trade
• Verifies buyer authorization and balance
• Transfers energy and updates balances

Administrative Functions

add-consumer-balance (target-consumer: principal, amount: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Add balance to consumer account
• Amount must be between 1 and 1,000,000
• Anyone can add balance (payment gateway integration)

set-base-price (new-price: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Update base energy price
• Grid operator only
• Must be greater than zero

toggle-emergency-mode () -> (response bool uint)

• Activate/deactivate emergency pricing
• Grid operator only
• Triggers 3x price multiplier

record-metrics (prod: uint, cons: uint, peak-load: uint, eff: uint) -> (response uint uint)

• Record grid performance metrics
• Grid operator only
• Returns metrics ID for reference

update-producer-reputation (target-producer: principal, new-score: uint) -> (response bool uint)

• Update producer reputation score
• Grid operator only
• Score must be 0-100

deactivate-participant (target: principal, is-producer: bool) -> (response bool uint)

• Deactivate producer or consumer
• Grid operator only
• Prevents further transactions

Read-Only Functions

get-producer-info (producer: principal) - Retrieve producer details

get-consumer-info (consumer: principal) - Retrieve consumer details

get-storage-info (storage: principal) - Retrieve storage facility details

get-trade-info (trade-id: uint) - Retrieve trade information

get-grid-status () - Get current grid status including capacity, load, and utilization

get-dynamic-price () - Calculate current energy price based on grid conditions

get-metrics (metrics-id: uint) - Retrieve historical performance metrics

Error Codes

Code	Constant	Description
u100	err-owner-only	Unauthorized: admin function called by non-operator
u101	err-not-found	Entity not found in registry
u102	err-unauthorized	Caller not authorized for this action
u103	err-insufficient-energy	Insufficient energy available
u104	err-invalid-amount	Amount outside valid range
u105	err-already-exists	Entity already registered
u106	err-inactive	Participant is deactivated
u107	err-insufficient-balance	Insufficient balance for transaction
u108	err-invalid-input	Invalid input parameter

Usage Examples

Register as Producer

(contract-call? .smart-grid register-producer u50000 "solar")

Register as Consumer

(contract-call? .smart-grid register-consumer u10000)

Report Production

(contract-call? .smart-grid report-production u5000)

Consume Energy

(contract-call? .smart-grid consume-energy u100)

Create Energy Trade

(contract-call? .smart-grid create-trade 'ST1PQHQKV0RJXZFY1DGX8MNSNYVE3VGZJSRTPGZGM u1000 u150)

Check Grid Status

(contract-call? .smart-grid get-grid-status)

Dynamic Pricing Model

The contract implements a sophisticated pricing model:

1. Normal Mode: Price = Base Price + (Base Price × Current Load / (2 × Total Capacity))
2. Emergency Mode: Price = Base Price × 3

This ensures fair pricing based on supply/demand while incentivizing production during high-demand periods.

Security Considerations

• ✅ All external inputs are validated before processing
• ✅ Role-based access control for administrative functions
• ✅ Balance and capacity checks prevent overdraft
• ✅ Active status verification prevents inactive participant transactions
• ✅ Zero compiler warnings - all code paths are validated
• ✅ No use of potentially unchecked data