Harden numeric domain checks in math routines

[amartinsmg]

Motivation

• Prevent undefined or invalid mathematical operations (division by zero, out-of-domain sqrt/acos/asin, invalid factorial arguments) by strengthening numeric preconditions across math helpers.
• Ensure geometric helpers only accept valid polygon/line inputs to avoid degenerate cases and runtime errors.
• Add boundary tests to cover edge cases (zero-selection arrangements, triangle polygon edge cases, near-degenerate law-of-cosines inputs and common logarithm checks).

Description

• Added stricter input validation to logarithm so it now asserts num > 0, base > 0 and base != 1 in src/basic_operations.h.
• Tightened trigonometry preconditions in src/trigonometry.h including sideRightTriangle requiring hypotenuse > sideA, sideTriangleLC requiring oppositeAngle in (0, π), angleTriangleLC enforcing triangle inequalities, and Law of Sines helpers validating angle ranges and asin argument bounds.
• Enforced selected <= total for arrangement and arrangementlf in src/combinatorics.h to avoid negative factorial inputs.
• Tightened probabilistic helpers in src/probability_distribution.h by requiring success <= trials for binominal and lambda >= 0 for poisson.
• Strengthened geometric checks in src/geometry.h and src/area_shape.h to require nOfSides >= 3 for polygon helpers and to assert vertical-line handling in slopeOfLine.
• Extended src/test/main.c with boundary tests: arrangement(7, 0), arrangementlf(7, 0), a near-degenerate sideTriangleLC(5,7,179°) check, logarithm(1000,10), and triangle polygon angle/diagonal checks.

Testing

• Ran the full test suite with make test && ./debug/test and all tests passed after adjustments.
• During debugging a single failing expectation for the near-degenerate Law of Cosines case was updated to match the correct rounded value and then re-run, after which ./debug/test completed successfully.
• The automated test run used stdbuf -o0 ./debug/test for diagnostic output during investigation and verification.

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Codex Task