To see the files changed within each commit from git log, use git log --raw command. It is best way to find what file changed in a commit.
To see the whole history of the file, use git log --follow -p -- path-to-file (diffs for each change are included).
3. What does HEAD refer to in the context of git? (Not to be confused with the "HEAD<<<<" one observes within merge conflict)
HEAD is basically seeking wherever you are in your commit history. When you make a commit, HEAD will also follow.