Update Python and Rust dependencies

[mdekstrand]

This is a general dependency update push.

• Update locked Python and Rust dependencies to latest compatible versions
• Bump versions of several helper packages that do not leak into public API

This does not enable Pandas 3 support. That dependency will be updated as a separate PR (task tracked at #988).

This supersedes #984, #985, #986, and #987.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 89.11%. Comparing base (f32981d) to head (63a2012).
⚠️ Report is 4 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #989      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   89.14%   89.11%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         218      218              
  Lines       15012    15012              
==========================================
- Hits        13382    13378       -4     
- Misses       1630     1634       +4     

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